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Physiology > Biology of Muscles > Flashcards

Biology of Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is a recognized function of skeletal muscle?

  • produce movement
  • maintain body temperature
  • guard body entrances and exits
  • maintain posture
  • all of the above
A
  • all of the above
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2
Q

Which of the following is not a function of smooth muscle tissue?

  • epimysium.
  • tendon.
  • perimysium.
  • endomysium.
  • fascicle.
A
  • epimysium.
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3
Q

The plasma membrane of skeletal muscle is called the..

  • sarcolemma.
  • sarcomere.
  • sarcoplasm.
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum.
  • sarcosome.
A
  • sarcolemma.
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4
Q

Which of the following best describes the term sarcoplasmic reticulum?

  • largely made of myosin molecules
  • protein that accounts for elasticity of resting muscle
  • storage and release site for calcium ions
  • repeating unit of striated myofibrils
  • thin filaments are anchored here
A
  • storage and release site for calcium ions
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5
Q

The repeating unit of a skeletal muscle fibre is the..

  • sarcoplasmic reticulum.
  • sarcolemma.
  • myofibril.
  • myofilament.
  • sarcomere.
A
  • sarcomere.
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6
Q

After death, muscle fibers run out of ATP and calcium begins to leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm. This results in a condition known as..

  • rigor mortis.
  • depolarization.
  • treppe.
  • tetany.
  • oxygen debt.
A
  • rigor mortis.
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7
Q

Interactions between actin and myosin filaments of the sarcomere are responsible for..

  • the striped appearance of skeletal muscle.
  • muscle relaxation.
  • the conduction of neural stimulation to the muscle fibre.
  • muscle contraction.
  • muscle fatigue.
A
  • muscle contraction.
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8
Q

Which of the following best describes the term Z line?

  • thin filaments are anchored here
  • protein that accounts for elasticity of resting muscle
  • repeating unit of striated myofibrils
  • storage site for calcium ions
  • largely made of myosin molecules
A
  • thin filaments are anchored here
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9
Q

The type of contraction in which the muscle fibres do not shorten is called..

  • isotonic.
  • treppe.
  • tetany.
  • isometric.
  • concentric.
A
  • isometric.
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10
Q

The action potential is conducted into a skeletal muscle fiber by..

  • transverse tubules.
  • motor end plates.
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum.
  • triads.
  • neuromuscular junctions.
A
  • transverse tubules.
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11
Q

Each thin filament consists of..

  • a double strand of myosin molecules.
  • chains of myosin molecules.
  • two protein strands coiled helically around each other.
  • a rod-shaped structure with “heads” projecting from each end.
  • six molecules coiled into a helical structure.
A
  • two protein strands coiled helically around each other.
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12
Q

When a muscle is stimulated repeatedly at a high rate, the amount of tension gradually increases to a steady maximum tension. This is called..

  • a twitch.
  • recruitment.
  • wave summation.
  • complete tetanus.
  • incomplete tetanus.
A
  • complete tetanus.
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13
Q

Each skeletal muscle fiber is controlled by a motor neuron at a single..

  • synaptic knob.
  • sarcomere.
  • transverse tubule.
  • neuromuscular junction.
  • synaptic cleft.
A
  • neuromuscular junction.
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14
Q

When calcium ion binds to troponin,

  • tropomyosin moves into the groove between the helical actin strands.
  • myosin shortens.
  • active sites on the myosin are exposed.
  • actin heads will bind to myosin.
  • muscle relaxation occurs.
A
  • tropomyosin moves into the groove between the helical actin strands.
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15
Q

In response to action potentials arriving along the transverse tubules, the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases..

  • acetylcholine.
  • hydrogen ions.
  • potassium ions.
  • calcium ions.
  • sodium ions.
A
  • calcium ions.
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16
Q

Which of the following best describes the term titin?

  • repeating unit of striated myofibrils
  • largely made of myosin molecules
  • storage site for calcium ions
  • thin filaments are anchored here
  • protein that accounts for elasticity of resting muscle
A
  • protein that accounts for elasticity of resting muscle
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17
Q

Fast fibers…

  • have low resistance to fatigue.
  • rely on aerobic metabolism.
  • have many mitochondria.
  • have twitches with a very brief contraction phase.
  • have low resistance to fatigue and have twitches with a very brief contraction phase.
A
  • have low resistance to fatigue and have twitches with a very brief contraction phase.
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18
Q

During anaerobic glycolysis..

  • pyruvic acid is produced.
  • oxygen is not consumed.
  • ATP is produced.
  • all of the above
  • B and C only
A
  • all of the above
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19
Q

Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding human muscles?

  • Eye muscles are composed entirely of fast fibers.
  • Most have both slow and fast fibers.
  • Slow fibers are abundant in the calf muscles.
  • Slow fibers are abundant in the back muscles.
  • All of the above.
A
  • All of the above.
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20
Q 
1) Which of the following is a recognized function of skeletal muscle?
A) produce movement
B) maintain posture
C) maintain body temperature
D) guard body entrances and exits
E) All of the answers are correct.
A

E) All of the answers are correct.

21
Q

Muscle tissue, one of the four basic tissue groups, consists chiefly of cells that are highly specialized for

A

Contraction

22
Q

The dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire skeletal muscle is the

A

Epimysium

23
Q

Nerves and blood vessels that service the muscle fibers are located in the connective tissues of the

A

Perymysium

24
Q

The delicate connective tissue that surrounds the skeletal muscle fibers and ties adjacent muscle fibers together is the

A

Endomysium

25
Q

The bundle of collagen fibers at the end of a skeletal muscle that attaches the muscle to bone is called a(n)

A

Tendon

26
Q

The advantage of having many nuclei in a skeletal muscle fiber is the ability to

A

The ability to produce large amounts of the enzymes and structural proteins needed for contraction.

27
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers are formed from embryonic cells called

A

Myoblasts

28
Q

At each end of the muscle, the collagen fibers of the epimysium, and each perimysium and endomysium, come together to form a

A

Tendon

29
Q

Individual muscle cells are surrounded by what connective tissue?

A

endomysium

30
Q

________ are stem cells located between the endomysium and sarcolemma that function in the repair of damaged muscle tissue.

A

Myosatellite cells

31
Q

The plasma membrane of skeletal muscle is called the

A

Sacrolemma

32
Q

The region of the sarcomere containing the thick and thin filaments is the

A

A Band

33
Q

The region of the sarcomere that always contains only thin filaments is the

A

I Band

34
Q

The area in the center of the A band that contains no thin filaments is the

A

H band

35
Q

The skeletal muscle complex known as the triad consists of

A

a transverse tubule and two terminal cisternae.

36
Q

receptors for acetylcholine are located on the

A

motor end plate

37
Q

the most important factor in decreasing the intracellular concentration of calcium ion after contraction is

A

active transport of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

38
Q

which of the following acts as an ATPase during the contraction cycle of muscle

A

the head portion of myosin molecule

39
Q

in rigor mortis..

A

ATP is depleted, the myosin heads are attached to actin, calcium ions keep binding to troponin, sustained contractions occur

40
Q

In a sarcomere, cross-bridge attachment occurs specifically in the

A

zone of overlap

41
Q

physical evidence that supports the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction includes

A

decreased width of H band during contraction

42
Q

triggering of the muscle action potential occurs after

A

acetylcholine binds to chemically gated channels in the motor end plate

43
Q

when acetylcholine binds to receptors at the motor end plate, the sarcolemma becomes

A

more permeable to sodium ions

44
Q

the rapid rise and fall in force produced by a muscle fiber after a single action potential is a

A

twitch

45
Q

when a muscle is stimulated repeatedly at a high rate, the amount of tension gradually increases to a steady maximum tension. this state of maximum tension is called

A

complete tetanus

46
Q

a muscle producing almost peak tension during rapid cycles of contraction and relaxation is said to be in

A

incomplete tetanus

47
Q

if a second stimulus arrives before the relaxation phase has ended, a second, more powerful contraction occurs. This addition of one twitch to another is called

A

wave summation

48
Q

a single motor neuron together with all the muscle fibers it innervates is called a

A

motor unit

49
Q

the increase in muscle tension that is produced by increasing the number of active motor units is called

A

recruitment

Physiology (6 decks)

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