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Med Careers > Intro to Body Systems > Flashcards

Intro to Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

study of structure

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2
Q

physiology

A

study of function

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3
Q

structure determines

A

function

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4
Q

gross anatomy

A

study of large structures(dissection)

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5
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

using a microscope to view structures such as cells(cytology)or tissue(histology)

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6
Q

pathology

A

study of abnormal changes in structure and function brought about by disease, cancer or trauma

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7
Q

organization of multicellular organism

A

atoms, molecules, organelles, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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8
Q

atoms

A

make up the very basic components

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9
Q

molecules

A

building blocks for cell structure

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10
Q

organelles

A

functional cell structures

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11
Q

cell

A

the basic unit of life

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12
Q

squamous

A

function of covering surfaces; squashed

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13
Q

cuboidal

A

usually functions in secretion; cube-shaped

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14
Q

columnar

A

usually functions in absorption; columns

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15
Q

tissue

A

group of cells having the same structure work together to perform specific functions

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16
Q

4 types of tissue

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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17
Q

organ

A

2 or more tissues work together to perform specific functions for the body

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18
Q

organ system

A

AKA body system; when organs work together to perform specific functions; named by lead organs

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19
Q

organism

A

when all body systems work together to perform functions, keeping it alive and healthy

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20
Q

feedback loops

A

afferent>control center> efferent

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21
Q

afferent pathway

A

brings input to the control center; “tattletale”

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22
Q

control center

A

interprets this info and makes a choice about it; sometimes called “integration”

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23
Q

efferent pathway

A

carries out the choice of the control center as “output”

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24
Q

5 steps of feedback loops

A

stimulus-receptor-input-output-response

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25
Q

negative feedback

A

when the control center stops sending its choice as it was notified the efferent pathway has carried it out

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26
Q

the afferent pathway will…

A

tattletale if this(feedback loop) takes place or not

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27
Q

positive feedback

A

rare and can be harmful

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28
Q

examples of positive feedback

A

childbirth(oxytocin) and blood clotting

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29
Q

survival needs

A

feedback loops, irritability, excretion, reproduction, growth, development, digestion, metabolism, nutrients,

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30
Q

irritability

A

cells or organism must be able to respond to stimuli in their environment in order to survive

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31
Q

excretion

A

Lungs rid body if CO2
Kidneys rid body of urea
Skin rids body of excess heat, water, salts

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32
Q

reproduction

A

cells must be replaced as they wear out and organisms must be able to continue their species

33
Q

2 types of reproduction

A

mitosis & meiosis

34
Q

mitosis

A

replace cells 2n»2n; one cell makes 2

35
Q

meiosis

A

sexual reproduction 2n»1N; one cell makes 4

36
Q

growth

A

to increase number of cells

37
Q

development

A

organism changes; puberty

38
Q

digestion

A

break down food into molecules

39
Q

metabolism

A

the rate that cells use molecules to repair, make products, reproduce themselves, make energy, etc.

40
Q

2 areas of metabolism

A

respiration & biosynthesis

41
Q

respiration

A

breaking down molecules to produce energy for cell functions

42
Q

respiration equation

A

Glucose + H2O + O2 = Energy + H2O + CO2

43
Q

energy percentage breakdown

A

40% of that energy is ATP and 60% is heat

44
Q

biosynthesis

A

cells use molecules to make products: hairs, oils, proteins, hormones, etc.

45
Q

6 nutrients

A

oxygen, water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins & minerals

46
Q

oxygen

A

without O2, cells(especially nerve cells) will begin to fail

47
Q

water

A

just about every activity in and around a cell requires H2O, adequate hydration increases mental alertness and even the immune system’s fighting ability

48
Q

carbohydrates

A

main source of energy for the body; gets broken down into glucose(known as blood sugar)

49
Q

protein

A

primary source of building the body from cell membranes to connective tissue

50
Q

functions of proteins

A

repair worn out parts, build up areas that are working hard or receiving more stress, can be used as fuel(especially in muscles), keep insulin level more balanced

51
Q

lipids

A

have the most energy of all molecules, but they are very hard to break down

52
Q

what are lipids important for

A

insulation under skin and around organs(padding as well as temperature); oil, wax, and other lubricating substances have a nice fat base to them

53
Q

vitamins & minerals

A

give cells the “glue” to build proteins and “oil” to runs its functions; also kick off cell functions by acting as co-enzymes

54
Q

homeostasis is maintain by

A

having all 9 factors in place and occurring on a regular basis

55
Q

superior(cranial)

A

toward head

56
Q

inferior(caudal)

A

away from head

57
Q

proximal

A

closer to origin of body part

58
Q

distal

A

farther from origin of body part

59
Q

ventral(anterior)

A

in front of

60
Q

dorsal(posterior)

A

behind

61
Q

superficial(external)

A

toward body surface

62
Q

deep(internal)

A

away from body surface

63
Q

medial

A

toward midline

64
Q

lateral

A

away from midline

65
Q

intermediate

A

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

66
Q

saggital plane

A

divides the body into a right and left part

67
Q

midsaggital plane

A

right down the middle

68
Q

transverse plane

A

divides the body into superior and inferior sections

69
Q

why serous membranes

A

organs(heart,lungs, stomach) have movement within a cavity of the body that causes rhythmic movement that could cause friction and inflammation to other surrounding tissues as well as the organ itself

70
Q

serous membranes

A

reduce friction for internal organs that have rhythmic movement

71
Q

visceral layer

A

always next to or covers the outside of the organ; layer is usually made of thin(simple) epithelial tissue

72
Q

visceral means

A

organ

73
Q

parietal layer

A

is always outside of the sac; made up of tough connective tissue that provides support

74
Q

serous fluid

A

fills the space between the 2 layers and provides lubrication

75
Q

3 main areas that cause the loss of homeostasis

A

aging, disease, trauma

76
Q

aging

A

as the years build up, the replacement of worn out or damaged cells slows down and tissues begin to lose their standard function

77
Q

disease

A

genetics plays a big role in who gets a lot of diseases

78
Q

trauma

A

number 1 homeostatic killer; injury to the body can not only cause structural damage and loss of function at the time of injury, but can also alter the tissue for long-term use

Med Careers (7 decks)

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