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HLTHPSYC 122 > Intro to Behaviour, Health & Development > Flashcards

Intro to Behaviour, Health & Development Flashcards

1
Q

3 components of Lay Theories of Health & Illness

A

Feeling - a general sense of wellbeing
Symptom orientation - The absence of symptoms of disease
Performance -The things that a person who is physically fit is about to do

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2
Q

Determinants of health and their contribution to premature death

A

Genetic predisposition - 30%
Social circumstances - 15%
Environmental exposure - 5%
Health care - 10%
Behaviour patterns - 40%

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3
Q

Biomedical model

A

Health professions are organised around a disease model. Effort goes into identification & diagnosis of acute & chronic medical conditions. It doesn’t address clinical conditions that may have multiple behavioural, social and environmental causes.

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4
Q

Psychosomatic medicine

A

Mind and body are involved in illness. Investigation between physiological and psychological factors involved.

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5
Q

Biopsychosocial lifespan model components

A

Psychological
Biological
Social
contribute to health & wellness.

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6
Q

Psychological component: Cognition

A

Thoughts, beliefs and attitudes
Health risk appraisal (how worried are you about health issues)
Self efficacy (self belief)

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7
Q

Psychological component: Behaviour

A

Adoption and maintenance of health behaviours

Operant conditioning - behaviours that are reinforcing are more likely to be repeated

Albert Bandura - Social learning theory -> Emphasised modeling, cognitive process

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8
Q

Psychological component: Emotion

A

Emotional regulation, mood, affect
Emotional appraisal
Emotional disclosure

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9
Q

Biopsychosocial model and Covid-19: Biological

A

Symptoms and illness, infection spread, underlying medical conditions, immune response, new variants

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10
Q

Biopsychosocial model and Covid-19: Social

A

Public health measures, vaccine rollout, working in essential services, access to health care, scale of outbreak, socioeconomic factors, ethnic minority

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11
Q

Biopsychosocial model and Covid-19: Pyschological

A

Cognitive - Health risk perception, vaccine hesitancy
Behavioural, health risk & protective behaviours
Emotional - responding to threats with anger, disbelief

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12
Q

Biopsychosocial model and Covid-19: Lifespan

A

Older age increased risk, different age groups susceptible to different variants, children have milder symptoms and less infection risk, increased resistance to behaviour change

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13
Q

Life course health & development model shows

A

Evidence that early experiences have long term consequence for health

Health is a consequence of multiple factors operating in biopsychosocial contexts

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14
Q

The scientific method

A

Identify a research method
Propose a hypothesis
Choose a research method/design
Collect data
Draw conclusions

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15
Q

Key features of good research

A

A theoretical framework
A standardised procedure
Generalisability
Objective measurement

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16
Q

Generalisability

A

Definition: Extent to which study findings apply to broader populations or different contexts.
Key Concept: Ensures relevance and usefulness beyond the immediate study sample.
Importance: Critical for validating research outcomes in diverse settings.

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17
Q

Relability

A

Definition: Consistency of a measure or test over time.
Key Concept: A reliable measure yields the same results under consistent conditions.
Importance: Ensures that results are repeatable and dependable.

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18
Q

Validity

A

Definition: Accuracy of a measure or test in assessing what it is intended to measure.
Key Concept: A valid measure truly reflects the concept it aims to measure.
Importance: Ensures that results are meaningful and accurately represent the phenomenon being studied.

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19
Q

Key feature of experimental researches

A

Manipulation of independent variable
Random assignment of participants to conditions

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20
Q

Experiment designs: Pros and cons

A

Pros - can make causal claims, high internal validity

Limitations - random assignment sometimes impossible, sometimes unethical, can be low external validity

21
Q

Internal validity

A

Shows whether a study accurately measures a causal relationship

22
Q

External validity

A

Focuses on whether the findings can be applied to a broader population

23
Q

Correlational research designs

A

Correlation research examines the degree to which two variables are related. A correlation is when changes in one variable are accompanied by changes in another variable

24
Q

Correlational design pros and cons

A

Pros: Help us predict behaviours/outcomes
Could suggest a potential cause and effect relationship
Can allow researchers to examine relationships among variables that cannot be investigated by experimental research.
Reveals naturally occurring relationships

Cons: Cannot infer cause and effect and why

25
Q

Descriptive/observational research methods

A

Observing and describing subjects behaviours, beliefs, health and abilities as they naturally occur

e.g Surveys & interviews, naturalistic and laboratory observations, clinical case study, biological & neurobiological techniques

26
Q

Naturalistic observations

A

Observe behaviour in its natural setting, attempt to avoid influencing or controlling it.

27
Q

Pros and cons of naturalistic

A

Pros - High external validity, collect realistic picture, generate new ideas

Cons - Must wait for behaviour to occur naturally, usually small scale, may not be representative, low internal validity, cause and effect difficult to establish

28
Q

Laboratory/clinic observation Pros/cons

A

Strengths - better control of potential confounds in environment, specialised equipment for precise measurement, can find associations

Cons - surroundings (lab clinic) may affect results, difficult to infer cause and effect

29
Q

Case studies

A

Observe one or a very few subjects in great depth, usually over a long period of time

30
Q

Case studies pros and cons

A

Pros - only method appropriate for very unusual case, provide insight for future research

Cons - problems with generalising the results - anecdotal, difficult to infer cause and effect

31
Q

Surveys and interviews

A

Self/parent/teacher alternative report data from groups of people

32
Q

Surveys and interview Pros/cons

A

Pros - can collect wide range of info that researches cannot observe e.g attitudes, beliefs, behaviours

Cons - subjects may forget or lack insight, multiple informants or methods often used to combat this, essential that sample is representative of population

33
Q

Types of human developmental study designs

A

Longitudinal and cross-sectional

34
Q

Longitudinal design

A

Data collected on the same group over two or more time points

35
Q

Longitudinal design pros and cons

A

Pros - can examine change over time, can examine associations between early experiences and later behaviour/development

Cons - time, expense, attrition

36
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

Compare people of different ages at one time point

37
Q

Cross-sectional study- Pros/cons

A

Pros - quick & inexpensive to carry out
Limitations - cannot detect changes within an individual, correlations hard to interpret.

38
Q

Common issues in research

A

Bias - through subject expectancies, experimenter expectancies

Sampling bias - is the sample representative?

39
Q

Dealing with bias

A

Double blind studies

Experimenter bias also minimised through standardised procedures, objective measurements

Sampling biased can be minimised by random assignment, matched control group

40
Q

Confounding variables

A

Definition: Variables that influence both the dependent and independent variables, potentially leading to erroneous conclusions.

Key Concept: They can distort the apparent relationship between variables in a study.
Importance: Identifying and controlling for confounders is crucial for ensuring the validity of research findings.

Example: In a study on the effect of exercise on weight loss, diet could be a confounding variable, as it influences both exercise habits and weight loss.

41
Q

Te Ara Tika components

A

Tika - research design - validity, centering
Whakapapa - relationships
Manaakitanga - cultural & social responsibility
Mana - Justice & Equity

42
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

The strength of the relationship between two variables is described by the correlation coefficient (r)
r=1 -strong positive correlation
r = 0 - no correlation
r=2 - strong negative correlation

43
Q

Correlation research pros and cons

A

Pros - high external validity, often fast and cost effective, establishes direction and strength of relationship, allows for examination of relationships

Cons - low internal validity, lack of control over variable, can’t predict why an association or relationship exists

44
Q

Research ethics that must be approved by an ethic commitee

A

Informed consent, confidentiality, harm minimization and deception & debriefing.

45
Q

Informed consent

A

Inform potential participants of all aspects or research

What participation involves
Benefits/risks of participation
Where to get support
Right to withdrawal
Decision is voluntary

46
Q

Maintaining participant confidentiality

A

Do not disclose participants contact details or divulge details of data that could make participants identifiable, keep data secure

47
Q

Take steps to minimise harm to participants

A

The rights, safety & wellbeing of participants are most important, should not be significant advantages or disadvantages of taking part or not

48
Q

The use of deception and debriefing

A

Withhold true purpose of the study when going through informed consent. Debrief afterwards to explain true purpose & why deception was necessary. Provide support

49
Q

Children as participants

A

They are vulnerable, not allowed to give informed consent, only from parental consent or consent from guardian and child if possible

HLTHPSYC 122 (5 decks)

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