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anatomy > intro to anatomy > Flashcards

intro to anatomy Flashcards

anatomy basics

1
Q

planes

A

imaginary flat surfaces that divide the body

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2
Q

sagittal plane

A

splitting body into L and R halves

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3
Q

Midsagittal

A

directly medial creating L and R halves

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4
Q

parasagittal

A

sagittal plane through the body that is not in the middle, creating unequal L and R portions

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5
Q

frontal/coronal

A

creating anterior and posterior portions

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6
Q

transverse or cross-sectional

A

superior and inferior

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7
Q

oblique

A

divisions on an axis

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8
Q

superior, meaning and same as

A

cranial and above

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9
Q

inferior is the same as

A

caudal

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10
Q

anterior same as

A

ventral

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11
Q

posterior same as

A

dorsal

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12
Q

proximal is opposite

A

distal

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13
Q

palmar opposite

A

dorsal

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14
Q

plantar means

A

sole of foot

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15
Q

unilateral

A

structures on one side

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16
Q

bilateral

A

structures on two sides

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17
Q

ipsilateral and examples

A

two structures on the same side of the body, left ear and left arm

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18
Q

contralateral and examples

A

two structures opposite sides of the body. left arm and right leg

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19
Q

Flexion and extension happen in what plane

A

sagittal

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20
Q

frontal plane happens in which plane and what are the names

A

frontal, abduction and adduction

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21
Q

abduction

A

moving away from the midline

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22
Q

adduction

A

moving toward the midline

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23
Q

rotation occurs in which plane

A

transverse

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24
Q

Desribe internal rotation/medial rotation

A

the anterior portion of a limb turning toward the midline

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25
Q

external rotation/lateral rotation

A

the anterior portion of a limb turning away from the midline

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26
Q

exceptions to sagittal plane flexion and extension

A

thumb, and ankle called (dorsiflextion and plantar flexion)

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27
Q

movemement unique to scapula

A

elevation + depression and protraction + retraction

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28
Q

movements unique to hip

A

circumduction

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29
Q

movement unique to ankle

A

eversion and inversion

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30
Q

movement unique to jaw

A

protrusion and retrusion

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31
Q

axial skeleton includes

A

head, neck, trunk

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32
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle

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33
Q

tissues of the skeletal tissue

A

bone, cartilage

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34
Q

bone function

A

protection, support, basis of movement, produces new blood cells, salt storage

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35
Q

cartilage function and composition

A

semi-rigid avascular connective tisse, allows gliding between bones

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36
Q

heterotropic bone is good or bad? and formes where? it causes ..

A

bad! in soft tissue , causes bone atrophy (wear away if not put under forces) or hypertrophy ( gorws or incr with excessive force)

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37
Q

what happens at bony sites

A

fractures

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38
Q

bones repair best when

A

the two ends are beside one antoerh in normal position (reduction of fracture)

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39
Q

degeneration of bone aka

A

osteoporosis

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40
Q

osteoporosis cause and

A

decrease loading (reduced force causing atrophy) with age

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41
Q

avascular necrosis

A

bone death due to decreased bone supply

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42
Q

what is a joint and how are they categorized

A

articulation between two or more rigid components (bone or cartilage) & by movement

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43
Q

synovial function

A

freely moveable, fluid filled synovial vacity, searate

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44
Q

cartilaginous

A

slightly moveable

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45
Q

fibrous joints, movement type, description

A

sutures, fixed/immovable (synarthrosis) due to dense fibrous tissue

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46
Q

synovial cartilage

A

separates articulating bones

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47
Q

diarthroses is

A

freely moveable joint

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48
Q

describe synovial joint

A

two layers, fluid in the middle and cartilage on the ends of the bones

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49
Q

hinge joint : type of movement and example

A

flexion and extension // elbow and knee

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50
Q

Saddle joint : shape, type of movement and example

A

convace and convex // adduction, abduction, flexion, extension, circumduction// thumb (carpomemetacarpal) and SC (sternoclavicular) in the shoulder

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51
Q

plane joint : type of movement and example

A

sliding and acromioclavicular in the shoulder

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52
Q

pivot : type of movement and example

A

allows rotation C1-C2 joint in the neck

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53
Q

condylar : type of movement and example

A

flexion and extension//digits of the fingers

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54
Q

ball in socket : type of movement and example

A

moement in several directions // shoulder and hip

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55
Q

describe synchondrosis, connecting material, and over time becomes

A

hyaline cartilage in between the bones, synarthrosis (immovable) and over time bone replaces the cartilage

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56
Q

what is synostoses

A

synchondrosis becoming bone/when bone replaces cartilage

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57
Q

describe symphysis, location, amount of movement, and do they change

A

type of cartilaginous joint, found midline of the body, amphiarthrosis, remain fibrocartilage

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58
Q

primary cartilaginous and examples

A

synchondrosis , becomes more fibrous as bone replaces (epiphyseal plates)

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59
Q

secondary cartilagenous and examples, movement?

A

symphysis joint , disk of vertebra and pubic symphysis, amphiarthrosis

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60
Q

describe fibrous cartilage def and example

A

thin layer of dense fibrous connected tissue sutures of skull

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61
Q

syndesmoses

A

connective tissue holding bones together from a greater distance, therefore it is more fibrous

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62
Q

why is syndesmoses considered amphiarthroses

A

because it is not fixed , very. limited movement

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63
Q

gomphoses

A

fibrous joint in teeth aka dentoalveolar joints

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64
Q

def of synarthroses, type of connection, examples, primarily found

A

immovable joint, gone to bone union at fibrous or ligamentous joints, sutures and fontanelles, axial skeleton

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65
Q

name the types of fibrous joints

A

suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis

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66
Q

synostosis

A

suture that has fused completely and been replaced by bone

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67
Q

amphiarthrosis, type of connection, examples, primarily found

A

slightly moveable, fibrous connection at cartilaginous or fibrous joints (syndesmoses, intervertebral disks or interosseous membrane, primarily in axial skeleton

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68
Q

diarthroses, primarily found in__, and requires ___

A

freely moveable, limbs, requires synovial membrane, articular cartilage, capsule

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69
Q

bursa def, function, movement, and location

A

extension of joint capsule, decrease friction, allow sliding, on surface

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70
Q

inflammed bursa is

A

bursitis

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71
Q

tendon sheath desc, function, movement and location

A

cylinders of fibrous connective tissue lined with synovial membrane, reduce friction so tendons can glide and slide, tendons

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72
Q

endomysium

A

individual muscle fiber

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73
Q

perimysium

A

muscle fiber bundles

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74
Q

epimysium

A

entire muscle

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75
Q

def of muscle cells

A

specialized contractile cells organized into tissues to move and provide form and heat to body

76
Q

motor unit

A

a single neuron and a muscle fiber it innervates // where nerve enters the muscle / nerve + muscle

77
Q

contractile cells allow

A

metabolism, movement and heat

78
Q

three types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac and smooth

79
Q

circular muscles

A

face/ mouth and eye

80
Q

diagastric

A

split right and left, muscle behind the mandible

81
Q

unipennate and example

A

one striation, one origin to one insertion

82
Q

bipennate and example

A

two striations rectus femoris

83
Q

multipennate and example

A

goes multiple directions and deltoid (shoulder)

84
Q

convergent muscle example

A

pectoralis

85
Q

quadrate muscle example

A

quadratus lumborum - back - square

86
Q

parallel muscle example

A

two parts of a muscle running in the same direction ex biceps brachii

87
Q

flat with aponeurosis desc & example

A

obliques or sheet muscles

88
Q

fusiform desc and ex

A

biceps brachii, comes down to a common tendon

89
Q

cardiac striated muscle desc and function

A

walls of heart and part of great vessels, assist in muscle contraction and movement of blood through the aorta

90
Q

the great vessels are

A

pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery and aorta

91
Q

smooth muscle found ___ and function

A

in vessel walls (arteries) assisting in blood flow and intestines moving food

92
Q

contraction types of skeletal muscles

A

reflexive, tonic, phasic

93
Q

reflexive contraction desc and example

A

muscle moves automatically, happens without our control and diaphragm

94
Q

tonic contraction desc

A

resting tone in muscle, slight contraction, “normal tone” does not produce movement

95
Q

Phasic contraction def

A

voluntary movement

96
Q

types of phasic contraction

A

isometric and isotonic

97
Q

isometric contraction desc

A

when legnth stays the same but increase in muscle contraction (pushing a fixed item)

98
Q

isotonic contraction definition

A

there is a legnth change when contracting a muscle

99
Q

types of isotonic contraction

A

concentric and eccentric

100
Q

concentric contraction is

A

shortening muscle

101
Q

eccentric contraction is

A

lengthening of muscle, slowly sitting down in chair

102
Q

Manual muscle testing

A

looking at strength of a muscle/ muscle group

103
Q

electromyography

A

electrical stimulation of muscles

104
Q

muscular atrophy types

A

denervation, disuse, intrinsic disease

105
Q

compensatory hypertrophy reasons

A

-physiologic (body’s response to force) ex pregnancy or exercise
-pathologic (due to disease)

106
Q

denervation

A

nerve problem causing atropy

107
Q

disuse of a muscle causes

A

causes atrophy

108
Q

goal of pulmonary curculation

A

supplies oxygenated blood to the rest of the body and eliminates carbon dioxide from the circulation

109
Q

goal of systemic circulation

A

provides organs, tissues and cells with blood so that they get oxygen and other vital substances

110
Q

function of arteries

A

take blood away from the heart

111
Q

function of veins

A

return blood to the heart

112
Q

function of capillaries

A

location of oxygen/nutrient exchange

113
Q

how many layers of vessels and what are they

A

3 layers : tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

114
Q

tunica intima is how what type of tissue

A

endothelial lining

115
Q

tunica media has what type of tissue

A

smooth muscular layer

116
Q

tunica adventitia

A

connective tissue, outer layer of vessels

117
Q

collateral circulation

A

blockage where the blood is supposed to flow so there is another vein that helps flow

118
Q

lymph apearance

A

clear and watery

119
Q

lymph vessels flow with

A

veins

120
Q

lymphatic vessels flow everywhere in the body except

A

CNS, teeth and bone/bone marrow

121
Q

right lymphatic duct drains

A

drains right side of the head, neck, thorax, upper limb, and venous angle

122
Q

thoracic duct drains

A

rest of the body (other than right side of the head, neck, thorax, upper limp and r venous angle) and venous angle

123
Q

function of neurons depends on

A

location

124
Q

goal of neurons

A

send signals

125
Q

central nervous includes

A

brain and spinal cord

126
Q

peripheral nervous system includes

A

all nerves except brain and spinal cord BUT include

127
Q

terms unique to the central nervous system

A

nucleus and tracts

128
Q

nucleus/nuclei of the CNS are

A

collections of cell bodies in the central nervous system

129
Q

tracts of the central nervous system

A

bundles of nerve axons(fibers) in the CNS

130
Q

if damage occurs to the tracts of the CNS, most injured axons do or do not recover?

A

do not

131
Q

what blocks the regrowth of axons/tracts (bundles of axons) in the CNS

A

astrocytes

132
Q

terms unique to the peripheral nervous system

A

ganglion and peripheral nerves

133
Q

nuclei are to ganglion as

A

CNS is to PNS

134
Q

ganglion of the central nervous system are

A

collections of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

135
Q

peripheral nerves of the central nervous system are

A

bundles of nerve axons/fibers in the PNS

136
Q

peripheral nerves are typically named

A

cranial or spinal nerves

137
Q

brachial plexus is a network of , and which system?

A

ventral ramii (motor and sensory) to the upper extremity, somatic system

138
Q

the brachial plexus provides ____ output and relays _____ input back to the ___.

A

motor, sensory, CNS

139
Q

location of the brachial plexus

A

C5-T1

140
Q

lumbosacral plexus is a network of , and which system?

A

network of ventral ramii (motor and sensory) to the lower extremity and urogenital region, somatic system

141
Q

the lumbosacral plexus provides ____ output and relays _____ input back to the ___.

A

motor, sensory, CNS

142
Q

location of the lumbosacral plexus

A

L1-S4

143
Q

autonomic nervous system is made up by a

A

2 neuron system, preganglionic cell body, fiber and postganglionic cell body and fiber

144
Q

the preganglionic cell body of the autonomic nervous system originates in the

A

lateral horn of the spinal cord

145
Q

the pre-ganglionic cell body synapses where? and exits where?

A

post-ganglionic cell body,, out the white rami communicans

146
Q

the somatic sensory pathway is “opposite” the

A

visceral sensory pathway

147
Q

describe the visceral sensory pathway

A

sensory information is sent from organs (ischemia and stretch) through the dorsal root ganglion–> dorsal root –>spinal cord –> brain

148
Q

visceral sensory pathway travels via ____ neuron pathway

A

single

149
Q

what pathway is responsible for referred pain?

A

visceral sensory pathway

150
Q

visceral sensory pathway is responsible for

A

referred pain

151
Q
A
152
Q
A
153
Q
A
154
Q

flexion is described as

A

bending to decrease an angle at a joint

155
Q

extension is described as an

A

straigntening to increase an angle at a joint

156
Q

thumb flexion does not occur on the ____ plane

A

sagittal

157
Q

Abduction and adduction of the thumb do not occur in the____ plane

A

frontal

158
Q

role of skin

A

protection from environment, regulated heat, provides sensation, synthesis of vitamin D

159
Q

skin is ___ and best indicator of ___

A

largest organ, health

160
Q

divisions of skin and associated structures

A

epidermis & dermis. subcutaneous and deep fascia

161
Q

epidermis description, vascular or avascular, type of tissue, provides _____

A

protective keratinized epithelium, avascular, provides sensory information

162
Q

dermis description, vascular or avascular, type of tissue, provides ____

A

dense layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers, vascular, provides tension

163
Q

contents of dermis

A

hair follicles, arrector pilli, sebacoeous glands

164
Q

subcutaneous tissue

A

loose connective tissue and fat with thickness

165
Q

subcu tissue contains

A

deep part of sweat glands, blood and lymphatic vessels, cutenrous nerves, skin ligaments

166
Q

describe skin ligaments of sub cu

A

small fibrous bands that attach deep dermis to the deep fascia

167
Q

deep fascia description and appearance

A

dense connective tissue separating muscle from adipose tissue, white thin layer

168
Q

contents of deep fascia

A
169
Q

tension lines location assist with and indicate

A

dermis, dictate incisions in surgery/healing from surgery, indicate how well wounds will heal

170
Q

stretch marks desc

A

meshwork of collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis. changes in tension of skin due to damage of collagen. fade but not disappear

171
Q

burns

A

tissue damage from heat, electricity, radioactivity or corrosive chemicals

172
Q

what factors help to determine burn prognosis

A

depth, extent, area in conjunction with age and general health

173
Q

2 key rules for the rule of 9’s

A

adults only, and 2nd degree burns and above

174
Q

percentah

A
175
Q

degree of burns describe___, and rule of 9’s describe___

A

depth, area

176
Q

first degree burn

A

damage to superficial epidermis, rule of nines does not apply

177
Q

second degree burn

A

damage to superficial dermis, sweat glands and hair follicles not damaged

178
Q

third degree burns

A

damage to epidermis, dermis and possible muscle skin grafting

179
Q

computerized tomohraphy, can show ____ sections

A

3d, xrays rotating around the body, transverse

180
Q

xray

A

2D

181
Q

dense vs less dense structures of X-rays are called

A

radiopaque, radiolucent

182
Q

ultrasound

A

images through ultrasonic waves, no radiation

183
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging

A

3d images , use of contrast so better at tissue differentiation, moving structures in real time, radiowaves, attention to whether pt’s can be around magnets

184
Q

PET scan

A

looking at metabolism, function of an organ, how metabolically active an organ is

185
Q

examples of bone adaptation

A

atrophy and hypertrophy

anatomy (8 decks)

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