intro to anatomy Flashcards
anatomy basics
1
Q
planes
A
imaginary flat surfaces that divide the body
2
Q
sagittal plane
A
splitting body into L and R halves
3
Q
Midsagittal
A
directly medial creating L and R halves
4
Q
parasagittal
A
sagittal plane through the body that is not in the middle, creating unequal L and R portions
5
Q
frontal/coronal
A
creating anterior and posterior portions
6
Q
transverse or cross-sectional
A
superior and inferior
7
Q
oblique
A
divisions on an axis
8
Q
superior, meaning and same as
A
cranial and above
9
Q
inferior is the same as
A
caudal
10
Q
anterior same as
A
ventral
11
Q
posterior same as
A
dorsal
12
Q
proximal is opposite
A
distal
13
Q
palmar opposite
A
dorsal
14
Q
plantar means
A
sole of foot
15
Q
unilateral
A
structures on one side
16
Q
bilateral
A
structures on two sides
17
Q
ipsilateral and examples
A
two structures on the same side of the body, left ear and left arm
18
Q
contralateral and examples
A
two structures opposite sides of the body. left arm and right leg
19
Q
Flexion and extension happen in what plane
A
sagittal
20
Q
frontal plane happens in which plane and what are the names
A
frontal, abduction and adduction
21
Q
abduction
A
moving away from the midline
22
Q
adduction
A
moving toward the midline
23
Q
rotation occurs in which plane
A
transverse
24
Q
Desribe internal rotation/medial rotation
A
the anterior portion of a limb turning toward the midline
25
external rotation/lateral rotation
the anterior portion of a limb turning away from the midline
26
exceptions to sagittal plane flexion and extension
thumb, and ankle called (dorsiflextion and plantar flexion)
27
movemement unique to scapula
elevation + depression and protraction + retraction
28
movements unique to hip
circumduction
29
movement unique to ankle
eversion and inversion
30
movement unique to jaw
protrusion and retrusion
31
axial skeleton includes
head, neck, trunk
32
appendicular skeleton
limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle
33
tissues of the skeletal tissue
bone, cartilage
34
bone function
protection, support, basis of movement, produces new blood cells, salt storage
35
cartilage function and composition
semi-rigid avascular connective tisse, allows gliding between bones
36
heterotropic bone is good or bad? and formes where? it causes ..
bad! in soft tissue , causes bone atrophy (wear away if not put under forces) or hypertrophy ( gorws or incr with excessive force)
37
what happens at bony sites
fractures
38
bones repair best when
the two ends are beside one antoerh in normal position (reduction of fracture)
39
degeneration of bone aka
osteoporosis
40
osteoporosis cause and
decrease loading (reduced force causing atrophy) with age
41
avascular necrosis
bone death due to decreased bone supply
42
what is a joint and how are they categorized
articulation between two or more rigid components (bone or cartilage) & by movement
43
synovial function
freely moveable, fluid filled synovial vacity, searate
44
cartilaginous
slightly moveable
45
fibrous joints, movement type, description
sutures, fixed/immovable (synarthrosis) due to dense fibrous tissue
46
synovial cartilage
separates articulating bones
47
diarthroses is
freely moveable joint
48
describe synovial joint
two layers, fluid in the middle and cartilage on the ends of the bones
49
hinge joint : type of movement and example
flexion and extension // elbow and knee
50
Saddle joint : shape, type of movement and example
convace and convex // adduction, abduction, flexion, extension, circumduction// thumb (carpomemetacarpal) and SC (sternoclavicular) in the shoulder
51
plane joint : type of movement and example
sliding and acromioclavicular in the shoulder
52
pivot : type of movement and example
allows rotation C1-C2 joint in the neck
53
condylar : type of movement and example
flexion and extension//digits of the fingers
54
ball in socket : type of movement and example
moement in several directions // shoulder and hip
55
describe synchondrosis, connecting material, and over time becomes
hyaline cartilage in between the bones, synarthrosis (immovable) and over time bone replaces the cartilage
56
what is synostoses
synchondrosis becoming bone/when bone replaces cartilage
57
describe symphysis, location, amount of movement, and do they change
type of cartilaginous joint, found midline of the body, amphiarthrosis, remain fibrocartilage
58
primary cartilaginous and examples
synchondrosis , becomes more fibrous as bone replaces (epiphyseal plates)
59
secondary cartilagenous and examples, movement?
symphysis joint , disk of vertebra and pubic symphysis, amphiarthrosis
60
describe fibrous cartilage def and example
thin layer of dense fibrous connected tissue sutures of skull
61
syndesmoses
connective tissue holding bones together from a greater distance, therefore it is more fibrous
62
why is syndesmoses considered amphiarthroses
because it is not fixed , very. limited movement
63
gomphoses
fibrous joint in teeth aka dentoalveolar joints
64
def of synarthroses, type of connection, examples, primarily found
immovable joint, gone to bone union at fibrous or ligamentous joints, sutures and fontanelles, axial skeleton
65
name the types of fibrous joints
suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis
66
synostosis
suture that has fused completely and been replaced by bone
67
amphiarthrosis, type of connection, examples, primarily found
slightly moveable, fibrous connection at cartilaginous or fibrous joints (syndesmoses, intervertebral disks or interosseous membrane, primarily in axial skeleton
68
diarthroses, primarily found in__, and requires ___
freely moveable, limbs, requires synovial membrane, articular cartilage, capsule
69
bursa def, function, movement, and location
extension of joint capsule, decrease friction, allow sliding, on surface
70
inflammed bursa is
bursitis
71
tendon sheath desc, function, movement and location
cylinders of fibrous connective tissue lined with synovial membrane, reduce friction so tendons can glide and slide, tendons
72
endomysium
individual muscle fiber
73
perimysium
muscle fiber bundles
74
epimysium
entire muscle
75
def of muscle cells
specialized contractile cells organized into tissues to move and provide form and heat to body
76
motor unit
a single neuron and a muscle fiber it innervates // where nerve enters the muscle / nerve + muscle
77
contractile cells allow
metabolism, movement and heat
78
three types of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac and smooth
79
circular muscles
face/ mouth and eye
80
diagastric
split right and left, muscle behind the mandible
81
unipennate and example
one striation, one origin to one insertion
82
bipennate and example
two striations rectus femoris
83
multipennate and example
goes multiple directions and deltoid (shoulder)
84
convergent muscle example
pectoralis
85
quadrate muscle example
quadratus lumborum - back - square
86
parallel muscle example
two parts of a muscle running in the same direction ex biceps brachii
87
flat with aponeurosis desc & example
obliques or sheet muscles
88
fusiform desc and ex
biceps brachii, comes down to a common tendon
89
cardiac striated muscle desc and function
walls of heart and part of great vessels, assist in muscle contraction and movement of blood through the aorta
90
the great vessels are
pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery and aorta
91
smooth muscle found ___ and function
in vessel walls (arteries) assisting in blood flow and intestines moving food
92
contraction types of skeletal muscles
reflexive, tonic, phasic
93
reflexive contraction desc and example
muscle moves automatically, happens without our control and diaphragm
94
tonic contraction desc
resting tone in muscle, slight contraction, "normal tone" does not produce movement
95
Phasic contraction def
voluntary movement
96
types of phasic contraction
isometric and isotonic
97
isometric contraction desc
when legnth stays the same but increase in muscle contraction (pushing a fixed item)
98
isotonic contraction definition
there is a legnth change when contracting a muscle
99
types of isotonic contraction
concentric and eccentric
100
concentric contraction is
shortening muscle
101
eccentric contraction is
lengthening of muscle, slowly sitting down in chair
102
Manual muscle testing
looking at strength of a muscle/ muscle group
103
electromyography
electrical stimulation of muscles
104
muscular atrophy types
denervation, disuse, intrinsic disease
105
compensatory hypertrophy reasons
-physiologic (body's response to force) ex pregnancy or exercise
-pathologic (due to disease)
106
denervation
nerve problem causing atropy
107
disuse of a muscle causes
causes atrophy
108
goal of pulmonary curculation
supplies oxygenated blood to the rest of the body and eliminates carbon dioxide from the circulation
109
goal of systemic circulation
provides organs, tissues and cells with blood so that they get oxygen and other vital substances
110
function of arteries
take blood away from the heart
111
function of veins
return blood to the heart
112
function of capillaries
location of oxygen/nutrient exchange
113
how many layers of vessels and what are they
3 layers : tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
114
tunica intima is how what type of tissue
endothelial lining
115
tunica media has what type of tissue
smooth muscular layer
116
tunica adventitia
connective tissue, outer layer of vessels
117
collateral circulation
blockage where the blood is supposed to flow so there is another vein that helps flow
118
lymph apearance
clear and watery
119
lymph vessels flow with
veins
120
lymphatic vessels flow everywhere in the body except
CNS, teeth and bone/bone marrow
121
right lymphatic duct drains
drains right side of the head, neck, thorax, upper limb, and venous angle
122
thoracic duct drains
rest of the body (other than right side of the head, neck, thorax, upper limp and r venous angle) and venous angle
123
function of neurons depends on
location
124
goal of neurons
send signals
125
central nervous includes
brain and spinal cord
126
peripheral nervous system includes
all nerves except brain and spinal cord BUT include
127
terms unique to the central nervous system
nucleus and tracts
128
nucleus/nuclei of the CNS are
collections of cell bodies in the central nervous system
129
tracts of the central nervous system
bundles of nerve axons(fibers) in the CNS
130
if damage occurs to the tracts of the CNS, most injured axons do or do not recover?
do not
131
what blocks the regrowth of axons/tracts (bundles of axons) in the CNS
astrocytes
132
terms unique to the peripheral nervous system
ganglion and peripheral nerves
133
nuclei are to ganglion as
CNS is to PNS
134
ganglion of the central nervous system are
collections of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
135
peripheral nerves of the central nervous system are
bundles of nerve axons/fibers in the PNS
136
peripheral nerves are typically named
cranial or spinal nerves
137
brachial plexus is a network of , and which system?
ventral ramii (motor and sensory) to the upper extremity, somatic system
138
the brachial plexus provides ____ output and relays _____ input back to the ___.
motor, sensory, CNS
139
location of the brachial plexus
C5-T1
140
lumbosacral plexus is a network of , and which system?
network of ventral ramii (motor and sensory) to the lower extremity and urogenital region, somatic system
141
the lumbosacral plexus provides ____ output and relays _____ input back to the ___.
motor, sensory, CNS
142
location of the lumbosacral plexus
L1-S4
143
autonomic nervous system is made up by a
2 neuron system, preganglionic cell body, fiber and postganglionic cell body and fiber
144
the preganglionic cell body of the autonomic nervous system originates in the
lateral horn of the spinal cord
145
the pre-ganglionic cell body synapses where? and exits where?
post-ganglionic cell body,, out the white rami communicans
146
the somatic sensory pathway is "opposite" the
visceral sensory pathway
147
describe the visceral sensory pathway
sensory information is sent from organs (ischemia and stretch) through the dorsal root ganglion--> dorsal root -->spinal cord --> brain
148
visceral sensory pathway travels via ____ neuron pathway
single
149
what pathway is responsible for referred pain?
visceral sensory pathway
150
visceral sensory pathway is responsible for
referred pain
151
152
153
154
flexion is described as
bending to decrease an angle at a joint
155
extension is described as an
straigntening to increase an angle at a joint
156
thumb flexion does not occur on the ____ plane
sagittal
157
Abduction and adduction of the thumb do not occur in the____ plane
frontal
158
role of skin
protection from environment, regulated heat, provides sensation, synthesis of vitamin D
159
skin is ___ and best indicator of ___
largest organ, health
160
divisions of skin and associated structures
epidermis & dermis. subcutaneous and deep fascia
161
epidermis description, vascular or avascular, type of tissue, provides _____
protective keratinized epithelium, avascular, provides sensory information
162
dermis description, vascular or avascular, type of tissue, provides ____
dense layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers, vascular, provides tension
163
contents of dermis
hair follicles, arrector pilli, sebacoeous glands
164
subcutaneous tissue
loose connective tissue and fat with thickness
165
subcu tissue contains
deep part of sweat glands, blood and lymphatic vessels, cutenrous nerves, skin ligaments
166
describe skin ligaments of sub cu
small fibrous bands that attach deep dermis to the deep fascia
167
deep fascia description and appearance
dense connective tissue separating muscle from adipose tissue, white thin layer
168
contents of deep fascia
169
tension lines location assist with and indicate
dermis, dictate incisions in surgery/healing from surgery, indicate how well wounds will heal
170
stretch marks desc
meshwork of collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis. changes in tension of skin due to damage of collagen. fade but not disappear
171
burns
tissue damage from heat, electricity, radioactivity or corrosive chemicals
172
what factors help to determine burn prognosis
depth, extent, area in conjunction with age and general health
173
2 key rules for the rule of 9's
adults only, and 2nd degree burns and above
174
percentah
175
degree of burns describe___, and rule of 9's describe___
depth, area
176
first degree burn
damage to superficial epidermis, rule of nines does not apply
177
second degree burn
damage to superficial dermis, sweat glands and hair follicles not damaged
178
third degree burns
damage to epidermis, dermis and possible muscle skin grafting
179
computerized tomohraphy, can show ____ sections
3d, xrays rotating around the body, transverse
180
xray
2D
181
dense vs less dense structures of X-rays are called
radiopaque, radiolucent
182
ultrasound
images through ultrasonic waves, no radiation
183
Magnetic resonance imaging
3d images , use of contrast so better at tissue differentiation, moving structures in real time, radiowaves, attention to whether pt's can be around magnets
184
PET scan
looking at metabolism, function of an organ, how metabolically active an organ is
185
examples of bone adaptation
atrophy and hypertrophy
