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anatomy > back > Flashcards

back Flashcards

1
Q

c7 is seen more in a ___ position

A

flexed

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2
Q

superior angle of the scapula aligns with which vertebrae

A

T1

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3
Q

prominent landmark of cervical spine

A

C7

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4
Q

the number for the iliac crest is

A

L4

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5
Q

T1 aligns with

A

superior angle of the scapula

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6
Q

the vertebrae are part of the ___ skeleton

A

axial

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7
Q

the cervical vertebrae are named

A

c1-c7

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8
Q

the thoracic vertebrae are named

A

T1-T12

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9
Q

the lumbar vertebrae are named

A

L1-L5

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10
Q

the sacral vertebrae are ___ and are named

A

fused, S1-S5

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11
Q

the coccyx is ___ and has ___ parts

A

fused, 4

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12
Q

role of spine

A

protect spinal cord and nerves, posture, locomotion and flexible axis for head and torso

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13
Q

normal curvature

A

2 lordodic curves and two kyphotic curves

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14
Q

the primary vertebral curves are . why are they named this way?

A

thoracic and sacrum, develop first

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15
Q

the thoracic and sacral portion of the spine are ___iorly con___

A

anteriorly concave

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16
Q

the secondary vertebral curves are . why are they named this way?

A

cervical and lumbar, develop through activities after birth

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17
Q

the cervical and lumbar portion of the spine are ___iorly con___

A

posteriorly concave

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18
Q

the primary or thoracic and sacral have a ___ion positon (which bending movement) or ______

A

flexion , kyphosis position

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19
Q

the secondary or cervical and lumbar have a ___ion positon or

A

extension, lordosis

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20
Q

primary curves

A

thoracic and sacrum

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21
Q

secondary curves

A

cervical and lumbar

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22
Q

as the secondary curves develop, they ____ and become___

A

reverse and become lordodic

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23
Q

normal kyphosis and location

A

20 to 45 degrees (thoracic and sacrum)

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24
Q

excessive kyphosis is truly measured on

A

radiograph

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25
Q

in terms of lordosis, normal cervical curvature is ______ degrees

A

20-40 degrees

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26
Q

in terms of lordosis, normal lumbar curvature is ______ degrees

A

40-60 degrees

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27
Q

scoliosis is looked at on which plane and has which additional component

A

frontal, slight rotational component

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28
Q

lordosis and kyphosis are looked at on which plane

A

sagittal

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29
Q

screen for scoliosis

A

forward bend test

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30
Q

exaggerated lumbar lordosis is due to

A

weak abs, tightened hip flexors pulling hips forward causing back to arch , tight muscles of the back (lumbar extentors)

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31
Q

swayback

A

lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis

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32
Q

swayback causes hips to move

A

forward

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33
Q

hip flexors oppose

A

hip extensors

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34
Q

flat back is a ___ , causing the spine to move ___. effects on the person

A

decrease in lumbar lordosis (not becoming kyphosis yet), tired because fighting gravity because chest is forward

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35
Q

processes serve as

A

attachment points for muscles

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36
Q

articular surfaces make up

A

the facet joints of the spine

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37
Q

what makes up facet joints

A

Inferior articulating processes of the superior vertebrae and superior articulating processes of the inferior vertebrae

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38
Q

vertebral arch protects

A

protects spinal cord

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39
Q

orientation of facet indicates

A

movement?

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40
Q

vertebral canal contains

A

spinal cord

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41
Q

vertebral body is where _____ _____ occurs

A

weight bearing occurs

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42
Q

facet joints also called

A

Zygapophysial joints

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43
Q

inferior articulating facets connect with

A

superior articulating facets of the vertebra below

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44
Q

____ total articulating on each vertebra

A

4

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45
Q

movement of cervical facet joints, reduced ____degrees from horiz?

A

best for flection and extension, rotation, 45

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46
Q

vertebral discs are ___ joints and facet joints are ___

A

cartilaginous, synovial

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47
Q

thoracic joints bend in what way

A

side bend and rotation

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48
Q

thoracic spine does not have very good

A

flexion

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49
Q

lumbar joints aligned with which plane, and promote what type of movement

A

sagittal, flexion and extension

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50
Q

foramen

A

hole in structure or hole created by structure

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51
Q

foramen in series are called a

A

canal

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52
Q

Vertebral foramen in a row surround the

A

spinal cord

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53
Q

intervertebral foramen are seen from a _____ view, and house

A

lateral, spinal nerve exiting the vertebrae

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54
Q

cervical vertebra how many, what type if movement

A

7, flexion and extension, limited rotation

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55
Q

which cervical are designed for rotation

A

C-1 an C-2

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56
Q

Transverse foramina laterally allow for

A

Allows for passage of the vertebral arteries slide 14

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57
Q

what makes cercival spine unique

A

transverse foramen laterally allowing vertebral arteries to go through

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58
Q

unique vertebra

A
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59
Q

C1 aka

A

atlas

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60
Q

C2 aka

A

axis

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61
Q

C7 is

A

vertebra of prominence which is seen most when you flex your neck

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62
Q

cervical spine good for (movement)

A

flexion and extension

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63
Q

atlas is only cervical vertebra with no true and also has no

A

body, spinous process

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64
Q

atlas articulates with the

A

occiput

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65
Q

arches of atlas

A

anterior and posterior arches present

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66
Q

the facet articulating with the skull vs the facet articulating with C2

A

longer (superior) , shorter

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67
Q

C2 is unique, creating a _____ joint

A

pivot joint (dens)

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68
Q

dens sits ____ with the spinal cord running ___ it

A

anterior, behind

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69
Q

uncovertebral joints seen in

A

, protrusions laterally , bone spurrs can occur, not true joints but sites of movement

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70
Q

unchovertebral joint aka

A

joints of von luschka

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71
Q

occiput on C1 helps facilitate ___ and ____

A

flexion and extension

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72
Q

describe Atlanto-axial joint and its movement, permits what gesture?

A

c1 on c2, rotation, no yesture

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73
Q

describe Atlanto-occipital joint and its movement, permits what gesture?

A

Occiput on C1 , flexion and extension, yes gesture

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74
Q

thoracic spine is more ___osis

A

kyphosis

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75
Q

facets of the thoracic vertebrae face

A

anteriorly/posteriorly

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76
Q

facets of the thoracic vertebrae facilitate which movements

A

rotation and some lateral flexion

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77
Q

spinous processes are ____, _____, and slant _____

A

long, slender, inferiorly

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78
Q

movement of thoracic spine

A

rotation and lateral flexion (side bend

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79
Q

spinus processes legnth and slant

A

longer and slant down

80
Q

rib comes in and articulates with a

A

superior and inferior vertebra

81
Q

the rib # shares the name with the ___ vertebra

A

inferior

82
Q

rib that comes in between t6 and t7 is rib

A

7

83
Q

superior vertebra for rib1 is

A

C7/T1

84
Q

how many lumbar vertebra

A

5

85
Q

unique char of of lumbar vertebrae

A

large vertebral bodies (bear weight) posterior projecting spinous processes are long and slender

86
Q

describe the pedicles of the lumbar vertebrae

A

short, thick, projecting posterolaterally (example of posteromedial on slide 21)

87
Q

describe the laminae of the lumbar vertebrae

A

short and broad

88
Q

describe the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae

A

short and narrow

89
Q

describe the vertebral foramen of the lumbar spine

A

larger than the thoracic region, smaller than the cervical

90
Q

unique processes of lumbar spine

A

mammilary and accessory processes

91
Q

lumbar spine: directions of the superior articular facet and inferior articular facet

A

superior faces posteromedially and inferior faces anterolaterally

92
Q

movements seen from the facet joints aka zygapophyseal of the lumbar region

A

flexion, extension, some lateral flexion

93
Q

interbody joints

A

translate and tilt in all directions

94
Q

mammilary and accessory processes are for

A

multifidous attachment

95
Q

superior articular facet faces

A

posterior and medial

96
Q

intferior articular facet faces

A

anterior and lateral

97
Q

L5 is a ___ vertebra

A

transitional

98
Q

unique about L5

A

smaller spinus process used to measure agle between lumbar spine and sacrum (lordosis)

99
Q

if somone has an increased lumbosacral angle

A

increased forces creating pain in lower back

100
Q

sacrum has four pair of __and four pair of ___

A

Four pairs of anterior foramina (for ventral rami)
Four pairs of posterior foramina (for dorsal rami)

101
Q

termination of spinal cord is through _____ hiatus

A

sacral hiatus

102
Q

coccyx location and is a big ___ site

A

inferior to sacrum, big atttachment site for muscles

103
Q

coccyx is the focal point of

A

muscle and ligamentous attachments

104
Q

disc names after

A

vertebra sorrounding the disk

105
Q

disc are thicker anterior where

A

lordodic

106
Q

thoracic disks are

A

uniform and thin

107
Q

function of disk

A

Resist tensile forces in nearly all directions
Disc is concave posteriorly and reinforced to resist flexion

108
Q

anatomy of disk

A

Anulus fibrosus: Outer fibrocartilaginous ring arranged in sheets called lamellae. Concentric rings
and
Nucleus pulposis: Gelatinous mass

109
Q

what is the anulus fibrosis

A

Outer fibrocartilaginous ring arranged in sheets called lamellae. Concentric rings

110
Q

Nucleus pulposis

A

Gelatinous mass that is a shock absorber and distributes forces

111
Q

what part of the disk distributes forces

A

nucleus p

112
Q

major ligaments of sagittal plane

A

anterior longitudinal ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flavum, interspinous ligament, supraspinous ligament

113
Q

only ligament that resists extension

A

anterior longitudinal ligament

114
Q

all resist __ because behind the vertebrae/vertebral body

A

flexion

115
Q

___ resists sidebenting/ lateral flexion

A

intertransverse ligament

116
Q

describe the anterior longitudinal ligament, resists ____

A

strong and well developed in the lumbar region, resists extension

117
Q

describe posterior longitudinal ligament, resists ____

A

thin in lumbar region, prevents disc protrusion anteriorly, resists flexion

118
Q

descrube the interspinous ligament, movement

A

least overall stiffness, resists flexion

118
Q

describe ligamentum flavum, resists _____

A

connects laminae to laminae, resists flexion

119
Q

tectoral membrane comes from

A

Superior extension of PLL in cervical spine

120
Q

nuchal ligaments come from

A

Superior thickening of supraspinous ligament

121
Q

holds c1 against c2 at the dens

A

transverse ligament

122
Q

alar ligaments

A

resists lateral flexion between occiput and c2

123
Q

iliolumbar ligament maintains

A

stability (anchor) for spine to sacrum during movement

124
Q

to get blood suply to thoracic region it comes through ___ vessels

A

intercostal and lumbar

125
Q

extrinsic vs intrinsic muscles

A

superficial vs deep

126
Q

intrinsic muscles are

A

stabilizers

127
Q

peripheral nerves innervate, and are coming from

A

ventral ramii

128
Q

dorsal ramii for

A

intrinsic muscles

129
Q

muscles found in cercival spine

A

capitus and cervicus

130
Q

rotatores motion

A

contralateral

131
Q

describe the intertransverse ligament, resists ___

A

not true ligaments, iliolumbar ligament L4 and inferior, resists lateral flexion

132
Q

ventral ramii supply___

A

motor and sensory innervation for the extrinsic (superficial) muscles of the back and throughout the body

133
Q

dorsal ramii supply

A

innervation to the skin and fascia of the back, and intrinsic (deep) muscles

134
Q

Skin and fascia are provided blood supply through

A

segmental vessels

135
Q

extrinsic muscles of the back influence

A

upper extremity and back

136
Q

innervation of the upper trapezius

A

cranial nerve 9, accessory

137
Q

inneration for extrinsic back muscles except upper trapezius

A

form from ventral ramii

138
Q

extrinsic back muscles involved in respiration

A

serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior ( slide 39)

139
Q

Longitudinal columnar intrinsic muscles of the back go from

A

skull to the pelvis

140
Q

describe the intrinsic muscles of the back

A

longitudinal, columnar from the skull to the pelvis

141
Q

the intrinsic muscles of the back are innervated by

A

dorsal ramii

142
Q

function of the intrinsic back muscles when used unilaterally, bilaterally?

A

unilaterally lateral flexion and rotation
bilaterally : extension

143
Q

how are the intrinsic muscles of the back injured

A

poor lifting techniques, posterior hip weakness, prolonged improper positions

143
Q

the intrinsic muscles of the back are protected by

A

thoracolumbar fascia

144
Q

movement of the splenius capitus

A

bilateral: extension
unilateral : side bending and rotation of the head ipsilaterally

145
Q

intrinsic superficial back muscles are

A

splenius capitus and splenius cervicis

146
Q

origins of the intrinsic superficial muscles of the back

A

Nuchal Ligament, Mastoid process , Lateral aspect of cervical spine

147
Q

movement of the cervicis capitus

A

bilateral: extension
Unilateral: Side bending and rotation of the neck ipsilaterally

148
Q

iliocostalis is the _____ of the erector spinae muscles

A

most lateral

149
Q

intrinsic intermediate back muscles are known together as _____ and are individually

A

erector spinae: iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

150
Q

longissimus located ____ in reference to the other erector spinae

A

in the middle of the other erector spinae

151
Q

the spinalis is the _____ of the erector spinae muscles

A

most medial

152
Q

function/movement of the erector spinae

A

Bilateral: extension
Unilateral: lateral flexion and rotation to ipsilateral side

153
Q

where does the iliocostalis intert

A

ribs and transverse processes

154
Q

where does the longissimus insert

A

insert on transverse process and mastoid process

155
Q

where does the spinalis insert

A

insert on spinous process

156
Q

intrinsic deep back muscles are known together as _____ and are individually

A

transversospinalis layer: semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores

157
Q

descrbe the semispinalis of the extrinsic deep layer of the back

A

most superficial, most prominent in the cervical region

158
Q

the multifidus is most prominent in the _____ region

A

lumbar

159
Q

in what region are the rotatores most prominent and what do they facilitate

A

thoracic, contralateral rotation

160
Q

what is the function of the transverospinalis layer

A

extend and stabilize the vertebral column

161
Q

what are the muscles of the suboccipital region of the cervical spine

A

rectus posterior minor, rectus posterior major, superior oblique, inferior oblique

162
Q

rectus posterior minor location and movement allowed

A

muscles of the suboccipital region of the cervical spine and allows for extension of the head at the OA joint

163
Q

Rectus posterior major location and movement allowed

A

muscles of the suboccipital region of the cervical spine and allows for extension of the head at the OA joint

164
Q

superior oblique location and movement allowed

A

muscles of the suboccipital region of the cervical spine and allows for extension of the head at the OA joint

165
Q

inferior oblique location and movement allowed

A

muscles of the suboccipital region of the cervical spine and allows for rotation of head to ipsilateral side at AA joint

166
Q

the suboccipital nerve is made up of

A

dorsal ramus of C1 and innervation of suboccipital muscles

167
Q

what is within the suboccipital muscles

A

vertebral artery and suboccipital nerve

168
Q

what are the borders of the suboccipital triangle

A

rectus capitis major, superior oblique, inferior oblique

169
Q

movements of the spine

A

lateral flexion, extension (lean back) flexion (lean forward), rotation (of head and neck and upper trunk)

170
Q

thoracolumbar fascia. superficial and deep layers support ___ and allow

A

network of collagen fibers. superficial and deep layers support muscle attachments and allow the upper body and lower body to work together through the lumbar spine

171
Q

the deep layers of the throacolumbar fascia separate the

A

paraspinal muscles from the posterior abdominal wall

172
Q

pars interarticularis fractures occur in what region

A

between the superior and inferior articular facets

173
Q

pars interarticularis fractures result in

A

spondylolysis

174
Q

describe spondylolysis in relation to par interarticularis fractures

A

fracture with out migration of the vertebral body anterior

175
Q

describe spondylolisthesis in relation to par interarticularis fractures

A

fracture with migration of the vertebral body

176
Q

what are the types of spondylolisthesis and what do they result in

A

anteriolisthesis, retrolistesis which result in spinal stenosis

177
Q

most common lumbar spine to experience spondylolisthesis are

A

L4-L5 and L5-S1

178
Q

anteriolisthesis in relation to spondylolisthesis, a type of pars interarticularis fracture, is described as

A

anterior slippage of superior vertebra

179
Q

retrolisthesis in relation to spondylolisthesis, a type of pars interarticularis fracture, is described as

A

posterior slippage of the superior vertebra

180
Q

describe lumbar canal stenosis and is it congenital or acquired?

A

narrowing of the lumbar canal, can be congenital or acquired

181
Q

describe the symptoms of lumbar canal stenosis

A

Pain, numbness or weakness in low back, legs, groin, hips, etc.

182
Q

what can aggravate and what can ease lumbar canal stenosis

A

Aggravating: Walking or standing
Easing: Lying down, sitting, or other flexion-based activities

183
Q

intervertebral disc diagnoses are most common at which vertebrae and what are the symptoms

A

c5-c6 and l4-l5. symptoms include pressing on nerves, causing pain or nerve symptoms down the leg

184
Q

describe disc degeneration

A

chemical changes associated with aging causing discs to weaken

185
Q

describe disc prolapse and another name for it is _____

A

form or position of the disc changes with impingement of the spinal canal, bulging disc

186
Q

describe disc extrusion

A

the nucleus pulposus breaks through the annulus fibrosus (wall like) but remains in the disc

187
Q

disc sequestration and another name for it is___

A

the nucleus pulposus breaks through the annulus fibrosus and lies outside, aka herniation

188
Q

goal of a spinal tap, where does it occur and in what position

A

to remove cerebrospinal fluid for testing, L3/L4, and done in flexion (leaning forward)

189
Q

goal of a epidural anesthesis, where does it occur

A

provide pain relief, L4/L3 between spinous processes

190
Q

what is a laminectomy and what is it’s purpose

A

Surgical incision of the lamina bilaterally for removal of the posterior structures of the spine to take pressure of spinal nerves or spinal cord

191
Q

what is the triangle of auscultation and it allows for

A

small region free of superficial muscles and allows improved auscultation of lungs in the thoracic cavity

192
Q

myelography is replaced by

A

MRI

193
Q

myelography description

A

Radiopaque contrast study to view spinal cord and spinal nerve roots

194
Q

describe how Computerized tomography (CT) is used for the back

A

Can distinguish white/gray matter
Improved imaging of vertebral column fractures
Vertebrae appear white
Can do 3D reconstruction

195
Q

describe how Magnetic Resonance imaging is used for the back

A

No X-rays used
Good images vertebral column, spinal cord, CSF
Preferred imaging modality for evaluating IV disc disorders

anatomy (8 decks)

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