ear Flashcards
1
Q
what are the regions of the ear
A
external ear, middle ear, inner ear
2
Q
the external ear is comprised of
A
auricle and ear canal
3
Q
auricle is interchangeable with
A
pinna
4
Q
describe the auricle/pinna
A
cartilage covered with skin
5
Q
describe the lateral vs medial portions of the auricle (number values)
A
lateral is 1/3 cartilage and medial 2/3 is the temporal bone
6
Q
the external ear proceeds through the
A
external acoustic meatus
7
Q
the sebaceous and ceruminous glands produce
A
cerumen and wax
8
Q
where are the sebaceous or ceruminous glands located
A
the external ear
9
Q
the external ear is separated from the middle ear by the
A
tympanic membrane
10
Q
what type of shape is the tympanic membrane?
A
cone shaped
11
Q
what is the umbo
A
the maximal depression of the impression of malleus
12
Q
where is the impression of malleus
A
in the tympanic membrane
13
Q
describe the innervation of the tympanic membrane (motor or sensory)
A
sensory (somatic)
14
Q
the external surface of the tympanic membrane is innervated by the
A
auriculotemporal nerve (CN V3) and small portion of the vagus CN X
15
Q
the internal surface of the tympanic membrane is innervated by the
A
glossopharyngeal nerve IX
16
Q
the middle ear is ________ to the tympanic membrane
A
deep
17
Q
the superior border to the tympanic membrane
A
middle cranial fossa
18
Q
what is the floor to the middle ear
A
internal jugular vein
19
Q
what is the lateral border to the middle ear
A
tympanic membrane
20
Q
what is the medial border of the middle ear
A
promontory, oval and round windows
21
Q
what are the anterior border of the middle ear
A
superior : eustachian tube
inferior: carotid wall (ICA)
22
Q
what is the posterior border of the middle ear
A
mastoid antrum/air cells
23
Q
A
24
Q
the middle ear contains
A
epitympanic cavity, tympanic cavity, auditory/eustachian tube
25
the auditory tube connects
middle ear and the nasopharynx
26
what is the purpose of auditory tube
equalizes air pressure
27
the auditory tube has a potential for
route for spread of infection
28
the innervation of the middle ear _______ & _____
facial nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve
29
the _____ nerve, innervating the middle ear, splits into three branches
facial nerve. greater petrosal, nerve to stapedius and chorda tympani
30
what is the pathway for the facial nerve to innervate the middle ear
internal acoustic meatus (of temporal bone)--> facial canal --> stylomastoid foramen
31
describe the greater petrosal nerve
parasympatheric nasal mucosa glands and lacrimal gland, combines with the deep petrosal nerve
32
describe the nerve to stapedius
motor to stapedius (muscle)
33
describe the chorda tympani
taste anterior 2/3 of the tongue via geniculate ganglion (special sensory). parasympathetic to submandibular and sublingual glands
34
the _____ nerve, innervating the middle ear, splits into 2 branches _____, and ____
glossopharyngeal
35
tympanic nerve and lesser petrosal nerve are branches of which cranial nerve
glossopharyngeal
36
the tympanic nerve gives rise to the _____, located on
tympanic plexus, located on the promontory (medial wall of the ear)
37
type of innervation to the tympanic nerve
somatic sensory to internal tympanic membras and mucosa of audiory tube
38
the lesser petrosal nerve travels through the
foramen ovale and synapses at the otic ganglion prior to innervating the parotid gland
39
Stylopharyngeus muscle helps with
Helps with swallowing and breathing
40
the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is part of which cranial nerve and has which functions
glossopharyngeal, taste and somatic sensory
41
the pharynx of the tongue is innervated by which cranial nerve and has which functions
pharynx, somatic sensory : gag reflex
42
describe the petrous part of the temporal bone and what it houses
pyramid shaped and houses the components of the inner ear
43
what are the regions of the inner ear
auditory apparatus, vestibular apparatus and vestibule
44
the auditory apparatus is responsible for ______ and its is positioned ____
hearing , anteromedial
45
the auditory apparatus contains
cochlea
46
vestibular apparatus is responsible for _____ and its is positioned _____
balance, posterolateral
47
the vestibular apparatus contains
fluid filled semicircular canals
48
the vestibule is the ____ cavity containing the _____-
central, oval window
49
what is the oval window
opening from the middle ear to inner ear
50
the round window allows for
pressure to be released
51
is special sensory information involved in the inner ear?
yes
52
vestibulocochlear nerve goes through _____ to innervate the inner ear in what forms ?
internal acoustic meatus the cochlear and vestibular nerves
53
the cochlear nerve is responsible for
hearing
54
the vestibular nerve is responsible for
balance
55
the cranial nerves responsible for inner ear innervation
vestibulocochlear and facial nerves
56
facial nerve goes through _____ to innervate the inner ear in what forms
through the internal acoustic meatus with the greater petrosal and chorda tympani branching off after CN VIII
57
what are the auditory ossicles and their function
3 small bones in the middle ear transmit sound vibrations from the outer ear to the inner ear
58
what are the names of the auditory ossicles
malleus, incus and stapes
59
another name for malleus
AKA the hammer
60
another name for incus
anvil
61
another name for stapes and fun fact
stirrup, smallest bone in the body
62
function and innervation of the malleus
attached to tensory tympani (innervated by CNV3) which dampens loud sounds (chewing, shouting, thunder)
63
function and innervation of the stapes
attached to stapedius (innervated by CN VII facial nerve)
64
what is the function of the stapedius
stabilizes the stapes to reduce vibration from loud noises
65
what occurs if the stapedius is injured?
hyperacusis (excessive auditory acuity on the injured side
66
the stapes protects
the inner ear
67
otitis media is a _______ _____ infection
a middle ear infection
68
otitis media causes
inflammation behind the tympanic membrane
69
symptoms of otitis media
ear pain, hearing difficulties, loss of balance, fullness/pressure in ear, drainage in ear
70
mastoiditis occurs when
media spread to mastoid ear cells in the posteriro aspect of the middle ear
71
mastoiditis causes _____ behind the ear
swelling
72
what are the things you should be able to see on a otoscopic exam
1. cone of light
2. handle of malleus
3. UMBO
4. long limb of incus
5. posterior limb of stapes
73
the tympanic membrane lies at the ____ aspect of the external auditory canal
medial
74
behind and below the ear canal is the _______ portion of the temporal bone
mastoid
75
the mastoid process is palpable where?
behind the lobule
76
The ossicles are attached to the center of the tympanic membrane by the ________
malleus handle (with the Umbo at inferior tip)
77
what is the function of the eustachian tube
ventilate the middle ear space and allow for pressure regulation. also drains mucus from the middle ear into the nasopharynx
78
the middle ear connects to the _____pharynx via the
naso, proximal end of the eustachian tube
79
which canals sense rotational movements and where are they located
semicircular and they are located in the inner ear
80
what system senses the position and movements of the head, contributing to overall sense of balance?
vestibular sustem
81
what senses linear movements ? examples
otolith organs, saccule and utricle
82
what are the 4 components of an ear exam
inspection, palpation, otoscopic examination and special tests
83
what is palpated during an ear exam
auricles/tragi/mastoids: tenderness, nodules, edema
84
during the inspection portion of an ear exam you are inspecting for _______ of ______
deformities, masses or skin lesions of auricles
85
tests for palpation of the ear is
moving auricle (tug test) and pressing tragus
86
gross auditory acuity test of the ear exam is testing which cranial nerve
VIII
87
describe the gross auditory acuity test
finger rub one ear at a time with the opposite ear occluded or whisper a two syllable word (under same circumstances) and ask pt to repead
88
compare bone and air conduction
air describes normal first phase in hearing pathway, sound waves from external to middle ear
89
what are the phases of the hearing pathways of the ear exam
conductive phase and sensorineural phase
90
describe the conductive phase
first part of the pathway, external ear through middle ear
91
describe the sensorineural phase
second part of the pathway involving the cochlea and the cochlear branch of CN VIII
92
which phase is the second part of the pathway and which is the first
second is sensorineural and first is conductive
93
on an otoscopic ear exam, we examine the tympanic membranes for
color, contour, malleus, cone of light and perforations
94
on an otoscopic ear exam, we examine the ear canals for
discharge, foreign bodies, erytherma, edema, cerumen, masses
95
the external and middle ear are part of what phase of the hearing pathway
conductive
96
the inner ear is part of what phase of the hearing pathway
sensorineural
97
hearing disorders of the external or middle ear cause ______ hearing loss
conductive
98
hearing orders of the inner ear cause _______ hearing loss
sensorineural
99
describe air conduction
formal first phase in the hearing pathway, sound waves from external to middle ear
100
describe bone conduction
bypasses the external and middle ear, specific to physical exam
101
is air or bone conduction more sensitive for those with NORMAL hearing
air conduction
101
the mobility of the tympanic membrane is checked with
pneumatic otoscope
102
otitis externa aka ______ is inflammation of _____. where is the pain
swimmers ear, inflammation of external ear canal
103
in otitis externa, movement of ____ is painful
auricle and tragus
104
acute otitis externa can present with
discharge
105
what are the similarities and differences between acute otitis media and serous otitis media?
similarities : both otitis media
acute is infectious and serous is non-infectious
106
with otitis media you should make sure you ask about associated
fever, sore throat, cough, and concurrent upper respiratory infection
107
red bulging tympanic membrane with purulent effusion medial to tm is
acute otitis media with purulent effusion
107
108
describe otitis media with serous effusion, aka ______
usually develops without signs or symptoms of an ear infection, glue ear
109
describe tympanic membrane perforation
tear in tympanic membrane leading to a connection between external auditory canal and middle ear
110
rapid changes in pressure cause cause
tympanic membrane pressure
111
describe bullous myringitis
infectious condition characterised by bullae or vescicles on the tympanic membrane without effecting contents of the external or middle ear
112
describe tinnitus
perceived sound that has no external stimulus
113
facts about tinnitus
may accompany hearing loss and increases in frequency with age
114
describe exostosis
benign irreversible bone growth growing into and blocking the ear canal
115
cause of exostosis
response to repeated exposure to cold water or cold air over a period of time
116
surfers ear is
exostosis
