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anatomy > bones of skull, meninges, spinal cord > Flashcards

bones of skull, meninges, spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

describe neurocranium

A

all bones of skull

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2
Q

describe viscerocranium

A

bones of the face

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3
Q

cranial vault, aka, ___ is divided into ____ and ___ regions

A

neurocranium, superior and posterior (compared to visceraocranium)

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4
Q

calvaria

A

roof of head

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5
Q

basicranium

A

(floor) where spine connects to head

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6
Q

what is the location of the cranial nerves leaving the brain

A

basicranium

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7
Q

fossa

A

indentions of valleys for different regions

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8
Q

pull up a picture of the skull and name the regions

A
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9
Q

anterior fossa made up of

A

frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid

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10
Q

the frontal bone contains

A

frontal crest

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11
Q

the cribiform plate

A
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12
Q

where do frontal lobes sit

A

anterior cranial fossa

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13
Q

crista galli

A
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14
Q

if there was an injury to the anterior cranial fossa what would be effected

A

olfactory bulbs and tracts (cranial nerves one)

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15
Q

the middle cranial fossa is made up of

A

sphenoid bone, temporal bone and parietal bone

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16
Q

landmarks of the sphenoid bone

A

lesser wings, anterior clinoid process, greater wings, posterior clinoid process

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17
Q

landmarks of temporal bone

A

petrous ridge

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18
Q

the middle cranial fossa houses

A

temporal lobes and pituitary gland

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19
Q

if there was damage to the middle cranial fossa what would be effected

A

sphenoid, temporal and parietal bones, potentially cranial nerves 1-6

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20
Q

what foramen are present within the sphenoid bone of the midle crania fossa

A

optic canal, superior orbital fissure, foramen ovale and foramen rotundum, foramen spinosum and foramen lacerum

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21
Q

all of the eye movement muscles are in what fissure

A

superior orbital fissure

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22
Q

cranial nerve with 3 different branches emphasized is ____ and their names

A

trigeminal: ophthalmic maxillary and mandibular

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23
Q

what is the first branch of the trigeminal nerve , aka

A

opthalmic branch

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24
Q

the foramen spinosum houses which cranial nerve

A

none

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25
Q

the trigeminal nerve has how many branches

A

3

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26
Q

injury resulting in fragmenting bone blocking the foramen rotundum, what structure would be impacted

A

V2 or maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve

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26
Q

the posterior cranial fossa includes

A

brain stem and cerebellum

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27
Q

the posterior cranial fossa is made up of

A

occipital bone

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28
Q

the internal acoustic meatus include which cranial nerves

A

7 and 8

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29
Q

the jugular foramen includes which spinal nerves

A

9, 10 and 11

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29
Q

between each bones of the skull are

A

sutures containing dense connective tissue

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30
Q

the coronal suture runs

A

between frontal and parietal bones

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31
Q

sagittal suture is between

A

parietal bones , splitting left and right

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32
Q

the lamboid suture separates

A

the occipital from (rest of the skull) parietal and temporal bones

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33
Q

what are the regions of the brain

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, cerebellum, brainstem

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34
Q

the cerebrum is made up of

A

sulci and gyri

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35
Q

what are sulci

A

crevises

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36
Q

gyri

A

ridges

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37
Q

lobes of the cerebrum

A

frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital

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38
Q

what are the most anterior and most posterior lobes of the brain

A

frontal and occipital

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39
Q

what is the structure that connects the left and right side of the brain, made up of what and

A

corpus callosum (white matter)

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40
Q

the sagirral suture aligns with

A

the sagittal fissure

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41
Q

frontal lobe borders

A

ventral sulcus (separating fron parietal lobe, and sylvian fissure separating from temporal lobe

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42
Q

frontal lobe on left side

A

broca’s area

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43
Q

what is the most posterior aspect of the frontal lobe

A

primary motor cortex

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44
Q

frontal lobe has a huge influence on , giving the ability to produce

A

motor, speech

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45
Q

if speech is damaged what are of the brain is damaged

A

broca’s

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46
Q

when you think frontal lobe thing

A

motor function

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47
Q

parietal lobe borders

A

Central sulcus, parieto-occipital sulcus

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48
Q

left side of the brain

A

dictates right side fx

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49
Q

temporal lobe contains

A

wernicke’s area and primary auditory cortex

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50
Q

where is wernike’s area

A

dominant hemisphere

51
Q

w’s area allows us to

A

hear/input language for understanding

52
Q

if w’s area is damaged

A

we are not able to comprehend language

53
Q

what is receptive aphasia

A

able to speak but not comprehend

54
Q

occipital lobe location and contains _____

A

posterior part with primary visual cortex.

55
Q

vision and language when reading

A

occipital lobe

56
Q

Cerebellum is responsible for

A

coordination, balance and where we are in spce

57
Q

cerebellum is seperated from the cerebrum by

A

tentorium cerebelli

58
Q

function of the brain stem

A

vital functions, breathing, heart rate, consciousness

59
Q

parts of the brain stem

A

midbrain, pons medulla oblongata

60
Q

what are meninges

A

3 layers that separate skull from the brain

61
Q

cranial meninges go

A

superficial to deep

62
Q

the epidural space contains ____ and supplies

A

middle meningeal artery and supplies dura with blood and nutrients

63
Q

damage to the epidural (between bone and dura )space, specifically to the middle meningeal artery

A

epidural hematoma (on top of dura between skill and dura)

64
Q

what is the most superficial of the cranial meninges

A

dura mater

65
Q

dura mater number of layers

A

2, external is periosteal layer (because it lines the bone) and internal is internal meningeal layer

66
Q

which cranial nerves innervate the dura mater

A

cranial nerves V and X

67
Q

aracnoid mater is deep to

A

dura mater (both layers

68
Q

spidural space is only there if

A

something has occupied it

69
Q

function of arachnoid mater

A

contains arachnoid granulation (prominences protruding through the internal meningeal layer) , exchange of CSF

70
Q

function of arachnoid granulation

A

transfer csf to venous system

71
Q

contents of the subarachnoid space

A

cerebrospinal fluid housed here and arachnoid trabeculae

72
Q

function of the pia mater

A

lines the brain

73
Q

dural reflections provide

A

stability and

74
Q

falx cerebri occupies what space

A

longitudinal fissure

75
Q

the falx cerebri is on what plane

A

Sagittal splits cerebrum into L and R hemispheres

76
Q

tenroriym crebelli occupies what space

A

between cerebrum and cerebellum

77
Q

functions of dural venous sinuses

A

receive blood from the veins of cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem to remove deoxygenated blood and rid of waste products

78
Q

where are dural venous sinuses found

A

between the two layers of the

79
Q

name of the merging of sinuses and where

A

posterior of skull named confluence of sinuses

79
Q

what interact with csf in sinuses

A

granulati

80
Q

all veins of the dural venous sinuses drain into

A

internal jugular veins

81
Q

how many deep and superficial dural venous sinuses

A

2 more superficial, one deeper

82
Q

how many regions of circulation

A

2

82
Q

beginning of posterior circulation for the blood supply to the brain

A

vertebral arteries, through transverse foramen of cervitcl spine, see through suboccipital triangle, in front of spine, combine with other side, to become baslar artery, into the skull, splits into left and right posterior cerebral arteries, conintuing toward anterior brain because they connect to the middle cerebral arteries (EMPHASIZED)

83
Q

anything that connects to major vessels is gonna have what in the name

A

communicating

84
Q

the middle cerebral arteries are connected to

A

posterior circulation vie

85
Q

circle of willis

A

inferior portion of brain just anterior to spinal cord/brain stem

86
Q

cranial nerves passing through the cavernous sinus

A

frist two branches of cranial nerve 5 (V1, V2, and III, IV and VI)

87
Q

cavernous sinus syndrome

A

Refers to damage of structures passing through cavernous sinus

88
Q

anterior cerebral artery provides blood to

A

anterior of brain

88
Q

middle cerebrall artry provides blood flow to

A

most lateral regions of the brain

88
Q

posterior cerebral artery provides blood to

A

provide blood flow to posterior / occuput

89
Q

cause and result of depressed fracture

A

hard blow to head in thin area, bone depressed inward compressing brain

90
Q

cause and result of comminuted fracture

A

several pieces

91
Q

liner calvarial fracture

A

multiple spider webs, multiple line of force.

92
Q

counter coup fracture

A

opposite side damage

93
Q

basilar fracture

A

it may impact the csf in some way

94
Q

what is an epidural hematoma and common cause

A

blow to the head

95
Q

beginning stages of epidural hematoma

A

lucid period of time followed by drwosiness or coma

96
Q

subdural hematoma area

A

between dura and where it meets the arachnoid layer, creating a space not normally there called the dura - arachnoid junction

97
Q

what is a dura-arachnoid junction

A

creating a space that splits the internal meningeal layer and arachnoid mater, not normally there

98
Q
A

hard blow to the head that jerks the brain

99
Q

subdural hematoma is more of a _____ issue where as epidural is more a ___ issue

A

venous issue, arterial

100
Q

subarachnoid hemmorrhage is due to

A

extravasted blood (arterial) into subarachnoid space

101
Q

Pterion fracture location

A

thinner junction of 4 bones, commonly known as the temple, where middle meningeal artery passes,

102
Q

pterion fracture can cause ____ due to

A

epidural hematoma, due thinness of skull and to proximity to middle meningeal artery

103
Q

fontanelles

A

two openingt between bones of the skulls, sutures close completely in adulthood

104
Q

which fontanelles close first

A

anterior

105
Q
A
106
Q
A
107
Q

enlargements of spinal cord

A

cervical (C4and T1) lumbosacral

108
Q

where does the spinal cord itself end and what is the name

A

L2, conus medullaris

109
Q

what continues after spinal cord and what is the name

A

spinal nerves cauda equina

110
Q

what is the filum terminale, passes to, and function

A

pia matter (inner layer of meninge) passing through the sacral hiatus to coccyx, anchoring the spine

111
Q

pia mater function

A

cover spinal cord and brain

112
Q

what helps attach pia mater to dura

A
113
Q

the subarachnoid space contains

A

arachnoid trabeculae

114
Q

denticulate ligaments attatch

A

pia to dura

115
Q

anterior spinal artery runs

A

surface of spinal cord

116
Q

are branches off

A

vertebral artery

117
Q

are branches off

A

aorta

118
Q

Batson’s plexus function

A

drains spinal cord

119
Q

anterior and posterior segmental medullary veins function, where are they housed and what helps them drain

A

drain system into intervertebral veins, in epidural space, based on gravity.

120
Q

what area do you do a spinal tap

A

inferior to the conus medullaris (L3 to L4)

121
Q

why is epidural placed so low and where exactly is is placed

A

allows you to get to the dura to coat it with out going inside , larger epidural space

122
Q

causes of spinal nerve root level injuries

A

dermatomal

123
Q

dermatome is always

A

sensory

anatomy (8 decks)

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