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Intro to communication > Intro Test 2 > Flashcards

Intro Test 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Incidences of Cerebral Palsy?

A

1-6 per 1000 births

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1
Q

Where did cerebral palsy originate?

A

a. Prenatal-during or before pregnancy

b. Congenital- birth

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2
Q

What is congenital cerebral palsy?

A

a. Group of neurological problems caused by brain injury
b. May be caused by damage to cns in prenatal, perinatal or immediate postnatal history of child
c. Placenta insufficiency
d. Fetal intracranial hemorrhages
e. Fetal distress

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3
Q

What is some acquired cerebral palsy?

A

a. It sustains brain damage in later childhood before maturation of the brain is complete.
b. What is Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
- Most common postnatal cause (after birth)
c. Hypoxic or anoxic conditions?
- Near drowning
d. Encephalitis
- Inflammatory condition of the brain
e. Lead poising

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4
Q

What are some problems with vertebral palsy in children?

A

a. Result on anoxia (reduce supply in oxygen)
b. Abnormal movements and postures of various muscles
c. Affect respiration, phonation, resonance, and articulation
d. Non progressive (chronic)
e. Not reversible
f. Ranges in severity and can affect one or more parts of body

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5
Q
  1. What is the anatomy affect in cerebral palsy?
A

a. Motor cortex: controls movement
b. Pyramidal system: primary pathway that carries voluntary movement of all kinds
- Damage can cause paralysis
c. Extrapyramidal system: indirect pathways that helps maintain muscle tone/posture/involuntary movements
d. Cerebellum: regulates equilibrium, body posture, and coordinated fine motor movements

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6
Q
  1. Types of cerebral palsy
A

a. Spastic, athetoid and ataxic

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7
Q
  1. Spastic characteristics
A

a. Most common: 60-70%
b. Hypertonicity: jerky, abrupt, rigid, and slow movement
c. Usually involves both sides of the body
d. Arms, legs feet are often rotated inward
e. Heels of feet are pulled up
f. One or both arms often raised with wrist flexed
g. Head may be drawn back and rotated to one side
h. Mouth usually open

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8
Q
  1. Athetoid characteristics
A

a. 20-30%
b. Slow, writing, continuous, worm-like movement and involuntary movement of the extremities
c. Feet and knew often rotated inward
d. Arms are flexed; fingers are extended back
e. Head is drawn back and rotated to one side
f. Open mouth posture
g. Movements are often exaggerated when excited or upset

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9
Q
  1. Ataxic Characteristics
A

a. 5-10%
b. Impaired ability to coordinate movements and maintain balance
c. Legs spread wide to maintain balance
d. Arm and have moments are clumsy, awkward, uncoordinated
e. Muscle are usually hypotonic and weak
f. Injury to the cerebellum causes ataxic

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10
Q
  1. What are some characteristics of the mixed type
A

a. Symptoms of more than one type

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11
Q
  1. What is the most common combination?
A

a. Spasticity and athetosis is the most common combination

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12
Q
  1. Who evaluates cerebral palsy?
A

a. Physical therapist
b. Occupational therapist
c. Speech language pathologist

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13
Q
  1. What factor do the development of speech depend on?
A

a. Extent of neurological damage
b. Associated problems
c. Cooperation of child, parents of caregivers

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14
Q
  1. What are some long term goals for speech therapy
A

a. Develop most intelligible speech which child is capable
b. Successful speech in daily interactions
c. Help person realize physical impairment is a handicap only as far as he/she permits it to be.

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15
Q
  1. What are some speech problems associated with cerebral palsy?
A

a. Problem depends on severity

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16
Q
  1. Speech problem of individuals with cerebral palsy is dysarthria, what is dysarthria?
A

a. A group of speech disorders due to paralysis, weakness or uncoordinated of speech muscles caused by central or peripheral nerve damage
b. If severe, speech may appear unintelligible
c. Most difficulty producing later developing sounds

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17
Q
  1. What are most characteristic of speech problems associated with cerebral palsy?
A

a. Poor respiratory control
b. Produce weak voice
c. Impaired prosody (monotone)
d. Produce shorter utterances
e. Hyper nasal speech

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18
Q
  1. What are some related problems
A

a. Intellectual disabilities: a consequence of brain injury , found in 50% of children with CP
b. Hearing impairments: some of the speech and language problems of children with CP may be due to their hearing loss
c. Visual impairment: (Strabismus- eyes cannot focus together and Hemianopia- a loss of vision in one-half of the visual field in one or both eyes)
d. Behavioral disorders: children with CP may be highly distractible, causing problems in learning
e. Epilepsy: is a seizure disorder, the precipitating cause of epilepsy is an excessive electrical discharge of a group of brain cells call the epileptic focus.

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19
Q
  1. How do you manage CP in children?
A

a. Involves increasing muscle tone and strength
b. Goal: increase speech intelligibly through improving range and rate of motion
- If intelligibility cannot be improved enough, may introduce alternative means for communicating.

20
Q
  1. What is autism spectrum disorder?
A

a. a group of disabilities characterized by impaired social behavior, unusual and stereotypical general behavior and problems in communications ( look at slide 17 form PP definition

21
Q
  1. What is the prevalence for autism?
A

a. CDD study: 18.4 per 1,000 (1 in 54) males and 4 per 1,000 females

22
Q
  1. What are the core features of autism?
A

a. Impairments in social communication, language and relate cognitive skills and behavorial and emotional regulation
b. The presence of restricted, repetitive behaviors
c. These core features are significantly influenced by an individual developmental level of language acquisition (ex. Per-symbolic, emerging language, and conversational language and the level of severity of the disorder
d. Also can include sensory and feeding issues

23
Q
  1. What are the characteristics of Autism?
A

a. Lack of responsiveness to awareness of other people
b. Preference for solitude and objects rather than people
c. Lack of interest in nonverbal and verbal communications
d. Stereotype body movements
e. Dislike of being touched or held
f. Self-injurious behaviors
g. Unusual talent in some area

24
Q
  1. What are some language characteristics of autism?
A

a. Lack of eye contact- a biggie!
b. Interrupt more
c. Easier time learning words associated with objects vs. words associated with emotions
d. Difficulty generalizing word meanings
e. Pronoun reversals : typically refer themselves as you, he or she and may refer to others as ‘I”
f. Echolalia; parrot-like repetition of something heard

25
Q
  1. Autism spectrum disorder in depth
A

a. Neurologically based development disability with social, developmental, and physical symptoms
b. Symptoms typically appear in the first 3 years

26
Q
  1. What are the 3 primary symptoms of ASD?
A

a. Difficulties with social interaction
b. Problems with verbal and nonverbal communication
c. Repetitive behaviors or narrow, obsessive interest.

27
Q
  1. What is this disorder known as (autism spectrum disorder)
A

a. Pervasive developmental disorder (PDD)

28
Q
  1. What are the 5 diagnoses along the spectrum?
A

a. Autistic disorder
b. Asperger syndrome-similar to those with autism in any respect by there are some differences
c. Childhood Disintegrative disorder- characterized by at least the first 2 years of normal development, followed by deterioration in learned skill. Childs social, verbal, self-help and motor skills, as well as bowel and bladder control may all disintegrate.
d. Retts syndrome- genetically based neurological disorder that almost exclusively affects girls.
e. Pervasive Developmental disorder- not otherwise specified

29
Q
  1. When was DSM-V released?
A

a. May 2013

30
Q
  1. What is DSM-V?
A

a. Under the DSM-5 criteria, individuals with ASD must show symptoms from early childhood, even if those symptoms are not recognized until later. This change encourages earlier diagnosis of ASD but also allows people whose symptoms may not be fully recognized until social demands exceed their capacity to receive diagnosis. DSM-IV is geared toward identifying school-aged children with autism- related disorders, but not as useful in diagnosing younger children,

31
Q
  1. What are the 2 DSMV diagnoses?
A

a. Social communication disorder

b. Autism spectrum disorder

32
Q
  1. What is syndrome?
A

a. A group of symptoms that suggest a clinical conditions

33
Q
  1. What is Environmental syndrome?
A

a. Clinical conditions that are not inherited

34
Q
  1. What is Genetic syndrome?
A

a. Are due to various chromosomal abnormalities

35
Q
  1. What is syndromes associated with?
A

a. Sensory problems
b. Physical disability
c. Intellectual disabilities
d. Growth deficiencies
e. Behavior problems
f. Cleft palate
g. Communication disorder

36
Q
  1. Down syndrome facts
A

a. 1 per 1000 births
b. Cause is 1 extra chromosome (47 instead of 46)
c. Physical properties: shortened oral and pharyngeal structures, narrow and high ached palate, relatively large tongue, lack of muscle tone, flat facial profile
d. Intellectual disability: depends on degree
e. Cleft palate
f. Hearing loss

37
Q
  1. Fragile X syndrome
A

a. Cause: fragile site on the long arm of the X chromosome
b. Most frequently inherited case of intellectual disability in males
c. Physical features: large , long and deformed pinna, big jaw, atypically large head, submucosa cleft.
d. Other feature include: significant language delay, attention deficit/hyperactivity, autistic like behaviors, disorders resembling apraxia and dysarthria, problems with sensation, emotion and behavior

38
Q
  1. What is Prader-willi syndrome?
A

a. Cause; absence of the long arm of the paternal chromosome 15
b. Physical feature; craniofacial anomalies, Low muscle tone, Small hands, Intellectual disabilities
c. Speech/language feature: difficulties executing oral movements necessary for speech, abnormal resonance, varying degree of language delay, decreased muscle tone, decreased reflexes, small to normal size, inability to suck well, a weak squeaky cry,, and lethargy

39
Q
  1. Fetal alcohol syndrome
A

a. Cause: chronic alcoholic mother
b. Physical features: microcephaly (small skull), Micrognathia (small jaw), cleft lip/palate, underdeveloped mid-face, intellectual disabilities, hyperactivity, motor incoordination (including eye-hand coordination problems.
c. Speech, language voice, and fluency problems occur in over 80% of children
d. Other features include: small head, small eye openings, webbing between eyes and base nose, drooping eyelids, failure of eyes to move in same direction, short upturned nose.

40
Q
  1. Cri-du-chat syndrome
A

a. Cause: deletion in chromosome 5
b. Physical features: low birth weight, slow physical growth, small head (microcephaly), wide set eyes, cleft palate, fused fingers or toes
c. Speech/language characteristics: high pitched voiced, articulation difficulties, limited language skills, hearing loss is commond.
D. Other features: Cry that is high-pitched and sounds like a cat, Downward slant to the eyes, Low birth weight and slow growth, Low-set or abnormally shaped ears, Intellectual disability, Partial webbing or fusing of fingers or toes, Single line in the palm of the hand, Skin tags just in front of the ear, Slow or incomplete development of motor skills, Small head (microcephaly), Small jaw (micrognathia), Wide-set eyes.

41
Q
  1. Tourette’s syndrome
A

a. Cause: nor specific genetic abnormality identified. More frequently in males than in females
b. Physical features:
- Tics: motor- eye blinks, grimacing, shoulder shrugging. Vocal- Grunt, yell, barking sounds
c. Behavior Disorders
- Impulsive, anxious, aggressive behaviors, obsessive compulsive
d. Speech language characteristics: Echolalia (repeat what other say), papilla (repeat their own utterances), stuttering, dysarthria (may talk to themselves), pragmatic issue, may talk to themselves and hold a conversation with themselves.

42
Q
  1. What is intellectual disabilities?
A

a. Limitations in intellectual functioning, deficient social behaviors or skills, inadequate daily living skills.

43
Q
  1. IQ qualifications for ID
A

a. IQ must fall below 70
b. Mild IQ- range from 50/55-70
c. Moderate IQ- 35/40 to 50/55
d. Sever IQ- below 35-40

44
Q
  1. Associate factors with ID
A

a. Prenatal- maternal lead or mercury poisoning, maternal anoxia, anemia or vascular disease
b. Perinatal- fetal anoxia and brain injury during birth
c. Cranial abnormalities: anencephaly, macrocephaly, microcephaly, hydrocephaly

45
Q
  1. Communication disorders in individuals with ID
A

a. Slow language development: echolalia (repetition of heard speech) and jargon( utternances of meaningless string of words
b. Articulation difficulties
c. Limited oral language
d. Deficiencies in morphologic and syntactic skills

46
Q
  1. Augmentative and alternative communication
A

a. Alternative strategies replace oral communication
b. Augmentative strategies enhance and expand limited oral skills
c. ACC systems
- Unaided ACC system-do not rely on external devices or instruments
- Aided ACC system- depend on external aids or instruments(pics, books, abc’s)

47
Q
  1. AAC assessment and intervention
A

a. Assessment completed by interdisciplinary team
b. Recommendation of AAC system
c. Initiate intervention program
- Trial and error
- training

Intro to communication (6 decks)

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