Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro Exam I > Intro: Structures of the CNS > Flashcards

Intro: Structures of the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

neurons are formed by what major components?

how do these major components create the architecture of the nervous system?

A
  • perikaryon (cell body / nuclei): the processing center - forms the gray matter
  • axon: output portion of neuron - forms the white matter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what forms the gray matter in the brain?

what is the role of gray matter?

A

neuronal cell bodies (perikaryons)

are the “processing centers”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what forms the white matter in the brain?

what are the roles of white matter?

A

axons

are the “outflow tracts” (no processing occurs here)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what occurs during the embryological development of the brain?

why is this important?

A

during embryonic development, the brain undergoes two 90 degree bends, forming the cervical and cephalic flexures

this results in anatomical planes that change around the midpoint of the brain

  • above midpoint: dorsal-ventral = superior-inferior
  • below midpoint: dorsal-ventral = posterior-anterior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

label

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is cerebelli tentorium and its

  • attachments
  • anatomical relations
  • roles
A
  • Tentorium cerebelli: a sheet of dura that
    • covers the cerebellum
    • attaches to the:
      • inferior clinoid processes
      • petrous ridge
    • separates the brain into two compartments:
      • Supra-tentorial: brain that sits above it:
        • prosencephalon, made of the
          • telencephalon (superfiical portion)
          • diencephalon (deep portion)
      • Infra-tentorial (posterior fossa): brain that below it
        • cerebellum
        • brainstem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the prosencephalon composed of?

where does it exist with the cerebri tentorium?

A

= supratentorial

  • made of the
    • telecephalon (superfiical component)
    • diencephalon (deep component), which contains the
      • hypothalamus (ventral / inferior part)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what portions of the brain are infratentorial?

A

aka posterior fossa

  • cerebellum
  • brainstem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the brainstem composed of?

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medula oblongota
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

mamillary body

  • define
  • anatomical relations
  • roles
A
  • definition: paired projections coming off the ventral (in anat, inferior) surface of the hypothalamus (ventral component of the diencephalon)
  • anatomic relations:
    • is contained within the interpendular fossa
    • is immediately caudad (in anatomy, post) to the pituitary infundubilum, another projection off the ventral hypothalamus
  • roles: is in line with the cerebelli tentorum, & can thus also be used to designated supra vs intra tentorial
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

label

A
  • infratentorial / posterior fossa:
    • 2,3,4 = brainstem
    • 1= cerebellum
  • mamillary body & infundulum: on ventral (anat = inf) portion of hypothalamus (diencehpalon) th mamillary body more caudad (anat = post) & superior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the cerebral cortex?

describe its structure and why this is important?

A
  • cerebral cortex = superficial component of the prosencephalon, i.e., the telencephalon.
    • organized into a highly convoluted series of ridges that allow for more surface area:
      • gyri = ridges: are grey matter, thus packed nuclei
      • sulci = in between ridges
        • deep sulci are fissures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are gyri?

A

ridges forming the cerebral cortex (outer, superfiical prosencephalon) that are made of grey matter (nuclei)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the central sulcus

  • has what path?
  • forms what anatomical compartments?
A
  • fissure (deep sulcus) that runs superior-inferior in a frontal lobe & parietal lobe gyri, intersecting the longtiduninal fissure
    • creates the following anatomical compartments:
      • Frontal lobe: anything rostral (ant in anat) to central sulcus
      • Parietal lobe: anything from the central sulcus to the -> parietal occipital fissure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the longitudinal fissure

  • has what path?
  • divides the brain into what anatomical compartments?
A
  • pathway: runs along the sagittal midline, i.e. rostral -> caudal (ant to post in anat), ultimately intersecting the longitudinal fissure, dividing the cerebral cortex into
    • right hemisphere
    • left hemisphere
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the lateral fissure

  • has what path?
  • divides the brain into what anatomical compartments?
A
  • pathway: runs along the rotral 3/4th (ant in anat) of the lateral surface of the cerebral cortex
  • comparments - n/a
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the parieto-occipital fissure

  • has what path?
  • divides the brain into what anatomical compartments?
A
  • pathway: course superior-inferiorly between parietal and occipital gyri, perpendicular to and just caudad from (post in anat) the lateral fissure (only visible on medial side)
  • creates the following anatomical apartments:
    • parietal lobe: anyhing in between central sulcus and parieto-occipital fissure
    • occipital lobe: anything caudad (post in anat) to it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the coroada radiata?

what are the components of the coronada radiata?

A

= mass of axons (i.e., white matter) coming of the gyri (grey matter) covering off the cerebra cortex. The corona radiata runs mainly to 3 places

  1. corpus callosum: u-shape running from between hemispheres
  2. internal capsule (IC): group of axons running up & down (bi-directional) from the brainstem to the cerebral cortex
  3. accessory fibers: interconnect ispilateral cortical regions
  4. insula: on lateral surface, near gyri
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

corpus collosum

  • definition
  • has what anatomical associations?
A
  • definition: portion fo the corona radiata (white matter) bridging the cerebral hemispheres
  • association:
    • cingulate gyrus: superiorly, parallel its dorsal surface
    • lateral ventricles: inferiorly
    • septum pellicudim: an extension of of its ventral (inferior surface) that separate the lateral ventricles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

internal capsule

  • definition
  • has what anatomical associations?
A
  • definition: portion the corona radiata (white matter) with sup-inf fibers to the brainstem & an arrow shape rosral-caudally
  • asssociations:
    • thalamus: medially, between IC & 3rd ventricle
    • caudate nucleus: medially, in betwen IC & lateral ventricles
    • basal ganglia: laterally, between IC & insula
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

insula

  • definition
  • anatomical relations?
A
  • definition: portion of the corona radiata that is a deep infolding on the lateral cerebral cortex
  • anatomical relations:
    • basal ganglia (other than the caudate nucleus): medially, between insul & IC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the internal capsula can be further divdided into what segments?

A
  • anterior crus
  • genu
  • posterior crus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

label

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ventricles of the brain

  • definition
  • list each one
A
  • definition: fluid-filled chambers containing CSF
  • lateral ventricles (1 & 2), 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

lateral ventricles

  • location within the brain
  • components
  • key associations
A
  • = ventricles 1, 2: (are paired)
    • location: sit deep within the cerebral cortex
    • components: are subdivided into the
      • anterior horn: in the frontal & parietal lobes
      • occipital horn: in the occipital lobe
      • inferior horn: in the temporal lobe
    • associations:
      • interventricular foramen / foramen of monroe: an inferior projection each ventricle gives of - is connected to the 3rd ventricle
      • corpus collosum: above ventricles
      • septum pellucidum: separates the ventricles
    • other: LARGEST VENTRICLES (contain most of CSF)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the foramen of monroe? describe it.

A

= interventricular foramen

  • a projection coming off the ventral side of each lateral ventricle to connect them to the 3rd ventricle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

3rd ventricle

  • location within the brain
  • components
  • key associations
A
  • location: in the diencephalon + midbrain (brainstem)
  • components:
    • most of ventricle: within the dienceaphlon
    • cerebral adeqeduct: narrow extension that moves cadually (post) & extends through the brainstem to open ventral (ant) cerebellum
  • key associations
    • interventricular foramen / foramen of monroe
    • 4th ventricle: via cerebral adequate
28
Q

what is the cerebral aqeduct? describe it.

A

the portion of the 3rd ventricle that extends cadually from the diencephalon to

  • cross the brainstem
  • open in front of cerebellum
29
Q

4th ventricle

  • location within the brain
  • components
  • key associations
A
  • location: ventral to the cerebellum
  • components: n/a
  • associations: is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord
30
Q

the central canal is continuous with..?

A

the 4th ventricle

31
Q

what is the cingulate gyrus?

A

a portion of the cerebral cortex that parallels the dorsal surface of the coropus collosum

32
Q

what is the septum primidum?

A

a projection off the ventral surface of the corpus collosum which separates the lateral ventricles

33
Q

what comprises the diencephalon?

A

supraventricular

  • made largely of the
    • thalamus
    • hypothalamus (ventrl / inferior)
  • plus the epithalamus: gives off pineal gland
34
Q

what are the anatomical relations of the thalamus?

A
  • is dorsal (superior) to the hypothalamus
  • is ventral (inferior) to the lateral ventricles*
  • is lateral to the 3rd ventricle
  • is medial to the internal capsule
35
Q

what are the basal ganglia?

where are they located in the brain?

A
  • basal ganglai are sections are gray matter (nuclei) that are split up by the internal capsule. are divided into three main components
    • caudate nucleus: between IC & lateral ventricles
    • remainder: between IC & insula
      • globus pallidus - more medial
      • putamen - more lateral
36
Q

describe the anatomic associations of the caudate nucleus

A

piece of basal ganglia between the internal capsule (anterior crus) and lateral ventricles

  • lateral to lateral ventricles
  • medial to internal capsule
37
Q

describe the anatomic associations of the globus pallidus

A

piece of basal ganglia in between the internal capsule and insula

  • lateral to internal capsule
  • medial to putamen
38
Q

describe the anatomic associations of the putamen

A

piece of basal ganglia in between the internal capsule and the insula

  • medial to the insula
  • lateral to the globus pallidus
39
Q

list the three prominent features coming off the ventral surface of the hypothalamus & their relationship to one another

A
  • from rostral -> caudal (ant to post in anatomy)
    • optic chiasm
    • infundibulum (connection of hypothalamus to pituitary)
    • mamillary bodies

note the mamillary bodies also exist within the intepeduncular fossa*

40
Q

what are the cerebral peduncles?

what their pertinent anatomical associations?

A
  • are the terminal portions of the internal capsule (white matter)
  • the region between the cerebral peduncles forms the interpenducular fossa, within which the mamillary bodies (caudal-most feature of ventral hypothalamus( lie
41
Q

what is the uncus?

what are its pertinent anatomic associations?

A
  • definition: the uncus is a rounded prominence of the cerebral cortex
  • associations: projects towards the optic chiasm
42
Q

label

A
43
Q

what forms the hippocampus?

A

a tight coil of cerebral cortex continuing from the uncus

44
Q

the cerebral aqueduct creates what anatomical compartments?

A

(caudal most part of the 3rd ventricle)

  • since the cerebral aqueduct extends through the midbrain (the rostral most part of the brainstem), it divides the midbrain into a dorsal and ventral portion
    • tegmentum - ventral (anterior in this case)
    • tectum - dorsal (posterior in this case)
45
Q

label

A
46
Q

tectum

  • anatomical location
  • components
  • associations
A
  • the dorsal portion of the mibrain, designated by the cerebral aqeduct
  • components, from rostral / superior -> caudal / inferior:
    • pineal gland (part of diencephalon)
    • corpora quadrigemina, made of:
      • superior colliculi: rostral / superior
      • inferior colliculi: caudal / inferior
  • associations:
    • inferior / posterior to thalamus
    • dorsal to tegmentum
47
Q

corpora quadrigemina

  • location
  • components
A
  • makes up a large portion of the tectum, the dorsal midbrain
  • componnets:
    • superior colliculi: rostral / superior
    • inferior colliculi: caudal / inferior
48
Q

label

A

diencephalon, \superior -> inferior:

  • epithalamus: gives off pineal gland (enters tentum portion of midbrain, forming the most superior component)
  • thalamus: in between IC and 3rd ventricles
  • hypothalamus: contains lower portion 3rd ventricles
49
Q

where is the 4th ventricle with respect to the tectum?

A

inferior

50
Q

where is the thalamus with respect to the tectum?

A

superior / anterior

51
Q

what is the crus cerebri?

what are its pertinent anatomic associations?

A
  • crus cerebri: most external portion of the cerebral peduncles, which are the most external portion of the internal capsule
  • associations:
    • are lateral to the mamillary bodies
    • are ventral to the tegmentum (in midbrain, deep cerebral peduncles formed by substantia nigra, external cerebra penduncles formed by crus cerebri)
52
Q

tegmentum

  • location
  • components
  • anatomic associations
A
  • location: ventral portion of midbrain, designated by cerebral aqueduct
  • features: from deep / superior -> superficial / inferior
    • red nuclei - contains red iron pigment
    • substantia nigra - specialized nucleus that produces black pigment
    • crus cerebri - external most portions of cerebral peduncles
  • associations:
    • ventral to: tectum
    • deep to: crus cerebri
53
Q

what structure lies ventral to the tegmentum?

A

the crus cerebri (external most portion of the cerebral peduncles, thus the internal capsule)

54
Q

label

A
55
Q

pons

  • definition
  • components
  • associations
A
  • definitions: are the middle segment of the midbrain
  • components:
    • basis pontis: ventral expansion comprising bulk of the pons, contains
      • pontine nuclei
      • pontocerebral tracts / fibers
    • superior / inferior pontine sulci: dermarcate basis pons
      • ​contain cranial nerves
  • associations:
    • superior-inferior line:
      • inferior to the midbrain
      • superior to the medulla oblongota
    • anterior-posterior line: the center of the pons ventral to the 4th ventricle, which is directly ventral to the cerebellum
56
Q

label

A

superior & inferior pontine sulcus - cranial nerves

basis pontis - pontinue nuclei & pontocerebellar fibers

57
Q

where are the pontocerebellar fibers found?

A
  • found in the basis pontis (ventral expansion of pons)
  • can also deuccusate across the midline to form the middle cerebellar peduncle, which rests dorsal to the pons
58
Q

cerebellum

  • architecture
  • copmonents
  • anatomic associations
A
  • components:
    • is organized into gray & white matter like the brain
      • cerebellar cortex - gray matter
        • outer layer
        • organized into “plates” called folia
      • arbor vitae - white matter
        • inner cortex
        • made of deep cerebellar nuclei
        • at ventral margin, arbor vitae radiate to form three cerebellar
          • superior
          • middle
          • inferior
    • vermis: divides cerebellar hemispheres
  • associations - is dorsal to the expanded 4th ventricle
59
Q

label, note important features

A
60
Q

label

A
61
Q

what forms the cerebellar peduncles?

what do the cerebellar peduncles connect to?

A

formed by outward radiations of arbor viate (white matter) the ventral margin of cerebellum. each one interacts with a different section of the brainstem

  • superior cerebellar peduncle - connects with red nucleus (tegmentum, midbrain)
  • middle cerebellar peduncle - connects with pontine nucleus (pons)
  • inferior cerebellar peduncle - connects with medulla oblongota
62
Q

medulla oblongota

  • anatomic location
  • components
  • associations
A
  • is the lowest segment of the brainstem
  • components:
    • ventral:
      • medullary pyramids (paired)
      • olive bodies - lateral
    • dorsal:
      • gracile tubercles - medial
      • cuneate tubercles - lateral
  • associations:
    • inferior to pons
    • ventral to the floor of the 4th ventricle: the caudal (inferior) borders of the 4th ventricle are formed by demarcations on the dorsal medulla oblongota:
      • gracile tubercles - medial
      • cuneate tubercles - lateral
63
Q

label

A
64
Q

label

A
  • can tell this is the dorsal face based off tectum corpora quadrigemina: superior & inferior colliculi
  • gracile & cuneate tubercles form caudal (inferior) borders of 4th ventricle
65
Q

what cranial nerves exit in proximty to the pons & medulla? explain their specific locations

A
  • pons - CN 5-8: exit thorugh the inferior pontine sulcus
  • medulla - CN 9-12: exit between the ventral pyramids and olives

Neuro Exam I (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions