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Neuro Exam I > Anatomical Basis of Sleep and Comas > Flashcards

Anatomical Basis of Sleep and Comas Flashcards

1
Q

periaqeductal gray matter

  • located where?
  • has what anatomic relations?
  • divided into what regions? based on what?
A
  • location: around cerebral aqueduct (3rd ventricle) for its entire length
  • relations: continuous with the periventricular gray matter (cortex surrounding 3rd ventricle)
  • regions: control descneding pathways for
    • ventral - arousal, REM sleep
    • ventrolateral - arousal, REM sleep, pain modulation
    • lateral - pain modulation
    • dorsomedian - pain modulation
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2
Q

what periaqeductal gray matter column function in arousal?

A
  • ventral column
  • ventrolateral coluomn
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3
Q

which periaqeductal gray matter columns function in control of REM sleep?

A
  • ventral column
  • ventrolateral column
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4
Q

which periaqueductal gray matter columns modulate pain?

A
  • dorsomedian
  • lateral
  • ventrolateral
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5
Q

basal forebrain

  • location
  • anatomic relations
  • features
A
  • location: portion of inferior frontal lobe that is
  • relations:
    • rostral to the hypothalamus
    • joins the temporal & frontal lobes
  • features: dominanted by the olfactory trigone, which:
    • is bordered
      • rostrally by the:
        • medial olfactory striae
        • lateral olfactory striae
      • caudally by the: the diagonal band of brcoa
    • contains the: anterior perforated substance
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6
Q

the olfactory trigone is

  • located where?
  • defined by what borders?
  • characterized by what features?
A
  • location: basal forebrain
  • borders:
    • rostrally: medial & lateral olfactory straie
    • caudally: diagonal band of broca
  • contains: anterior perforated substance
    • groups of neurons with one especially prominent: basal nucleus of meynert
    • perforated by anterior cerebral artery
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7
Q

what is the anterior perforated substance?

what is another name for it?

what features does it contain?

A
  • aka substanita innomata
  • a group of poorly defined neurons with in the olfactory trigone
  • features:
    • perforated by anterior cerebral artery
    • contains the basal nucleus of meynert
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8
Q

the basal nucleus of meynert

  • is located where?
  • has what role?
  • is clinically relevant how?
A
  • location: in the anterior perforated substance within the olfactory trigone
  • role: sends widespread cholinergic projections throughout the
    • cerebral cortex -> general arousal
    • hippocampus -> neural plasticity & learning
      • in conjuction w/ diagonal band of broca
  • clinical: damage to this nucleus leads to dementia (ex- altzeimers)
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9
Q

what is the treatment for damage to the basal nucleus of meynert?

why?

A
  • ACh
  • this nucleus mediates arousal / learning & plasticity via widespared cholinergic projections
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10
Q

what borders the hypothalamus

  • superiorly
  • rostrally
  • cadually
A
  • superiorly: thalamus
  • rostrally: optic chiasm
  • cadually: mamillary bodies
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11
Q

what major nuclei make up the hypothalamus?

what is the role of each nucleus?

A
  • tuberomamillary nulceus (histamingergic center): stimulates arousal - by directly cholinergic axons into cerebral cortex
  • lateral hypothalamus: stimulates arousal - by exciting the tuberomammillary nucleus
  • ventrolateral preoptic nucleus: promotes sleep - by sending inhibitory signals to brain centers that promote alertness
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12
Q

which hypothalamic nucleus is the histaminergic center of the brain?

what does it do?

A

tuberomamillary nucleus

stimulates arousal by sending axons directly into cerebral axons

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13
Q

what it the role of the lateral hypothalamus in mediating arousal?

A

promotes arousal - by sending excitatory signals to the tuberomammillary nucleus, which then sends ACh through its cholinergic axons into the cerebral cortex

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14
Q

what is the role of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus in mediating arousal?

A

“the masters switch for sleep”

inhibits arousal and promotes sleep - does so by inhibits brain centers that promote cortical arousal (i.e., tuberulomammillary & lateral hypothalamus)

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15
Q

the reticular formation

  • is located where?
  • has which key nuclei? with what characteristics?
  • has what general role?
A
  • located: from spinal cord to thalamus - esp in medulla & pons
  • nuclei:
    • dorsal tegmenal - cholinergic
    • paramedian reticular - dopaminergic
    • locus coeurleus - adrenergic
    • nucleus raphe pontis & magnus - serotonin
    • pontine reticular (oral and caudal) - GABA
  • characteristics: highly stellate with long axonal processes
  • role: interacts extensively with cranical nerves
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16
Q

dorsal tegmental nucleus releases?

A

reticular formation nucleus

cholinergic

17
Q

the paramedian reticular nucleus releases?

A

(reticular formation nucleus)

dopamine

18
Q

the locus coreulus releases?

A

(reticular formation nucleus)

adrenergic NTs

19
Q

which reticular formation nuclei release serotonin?

A
  • nucleus raphe pontis
  • nucleus raphe magnus
20
Q

which reticular formation nucleus releases GABA?

A
  • oral pontine reticular nucleus
  • caudal pontine reticular nucleus
21
Q

which basal forebrain, thalamus and reticular formation release acetylcholine?

A
  • basal forebrain: basal nucleus of meynert
  • thalamus: tuberomammillary nucleus
  • reticular formation: dorsal tegmental nucleus
22
Q

the brainstem is in charge of what major visceral functions?

A
  • hearbeat
  • ventilation
  • digestive processes
23
Q

describe the mediation of ventilatory rhythm

A
  • mediated by the brainstem via the following reticular formation nuclei:
    • solitary nucleus: mediates inspiration
    • nucleus amgiguus: mediates exhalation
    • nucleus parabrachialis: mediates transition from inhalation to exhaation
24
Q

the solitary nucleus

  • is located where?
  • has what role?
  • is regualted how?
A
  • location: reticular formation
  • role: stimulates inspiration - by projectiing to phrenic & intercostal nerves
  • regulation: is self excitatory (i.e., excited by I neurons)
25
Q

the nucleus ambiguus

  • is located where?
  • has what role?
  • is regulated how?
A
  • location: reticular fornation
  • role: stimulates exhalation -> projects to intercostal nerves
  • regulation: is inhibited by I (inspiratory) neurons, which are:
    • inhibited by nucleus parabrachialis medialis
26
Q

the nucleus parabrachialis medialis

  • is located where?
  • has what role?
  • is regulated how?
A
  • location: reticular formation
  • role: mediates transition from exhalation to inhalation, by
    • exciting E neurons in nucleus ambiguus
    • inhibited I neurorons in solitary nucleus,
      • which also inhibits inhibition of E neurons
27
Q

the reticular formation ascending pain pathway

  • involves what reticular formation nuclei?
  • that recieve what signals?
  • that send their projections where?
  • leads to what type of pain perception?
A
  • nuclei:
    • the “central group”
      • lateral reticular nucleus
      • subnuclear reticularis dorsalis
      • gigantocellular nucleus*
    • receive signals from ascending fibers in the spinal cord
    • send projects that disperse widely throughout the cerebral cortex
  • thus, producing non-locazalized pain that is perceived as general “awareness”
28
Q

reticular formation pain modulation

  • involves what nuclei?
  • that receive what sigals?
  • that send their projections where?
A
  • nuclei:
    • the caudate raphe nuclei
      • nucleus raphe obscurus
      • nucleus raphe magnus
      • nucleus raphe pallidus
    • receive signals from the periaqueductal gray matter
    • send projections to the
      • substantia nigra: ​dosral horn 2nd order nueoron in spinothalamic tract
      • lateral reticular & gigantocellular: reticular formation neurons in ascending pain path
      • spinal trigeminal
  • results in modulation of pain
29
Q

the reticular formation is involved in pain transmision in what two general ways?

A
  • as part of an ascending pain path: leads to general “pain awareness” without localization
  • via modulation of other ascending pain paths: spinothalamic, spinal trigeminal, reticular formation
30
Q

which reticular fomation nuclei are involved in the sleep cycle?

which are involved in:

  • maintaining arousal
  • promoting REM sleep
A
  • arousal
    • nucleus raphes - pontis, dorsalis
    • pedunculopontine
    • laterodorsal tegmental
    • locus coeruleus
  • transition to sleep
    • sublateral dorsal nucleus
31
Q

what are the roles are the sublateral dorsal nucleus?

A
  • transition to REM sleep
  • promotion of atonia
32
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

  • includes what nuclei
  • has what role?
A
  • includes
    • several same nuclei has the arousal nuclei
      • nucleus raphe - dorsalis, pontis
      • pedunculopontine
    • oral pontine reticular nucleus
    • parabrachial nucleus
  • serve to maintain consciousness
33
Q

the ARAS projects to what two parts of the brain?

A

two rostral projections

  1. hypothalamus (subthalamic)
  2. thalamus: intralaminar nucleus of the thalamus
34
Q

disruption of the ARAS can lead to?

A
  • depends on which brainstem level reticular formation disrupted:
    • medulla: brain death
    • pons, midbrain: coma
35
Q

the the reticular formation has motor functions via what two pathways?

  • reticulospinal
  • reticulocerebellar
A
  • reticulospinal
  • reticulocerebellar
36
Q

the reticulopinal pathway

  • involves what reticular formation nuclei?
  • innervate what targets?
  • have what actions:
A
  • two extrapyramidal pathways that innervate postural muscles
    • medial (pontine) reticulospinal
      • origin: oral & caudal pontine reticular nuclei
      • action: LE extension (+ flexion inhibition)
    • lateral (medullary) reticulospinal
      • origin: gigantocellular nucleus
      • action: UE flexion (+extension inhibition)

Neuro Exam I (15 decks)

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