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Midterms Petrology > Intro/Soils > Flashcards

Intro/Soils Flashcards

1
Q

Pieces of broken down, pre-existing rocks at or near the Earth’s surface.

A

Sediments

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2
Q

Rocks that are made up of lithified sediments.

A

Sedimentary Rocks

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3
Q

A sub-branch of Petrology that focuses on the composition, characteristics, and origins of sedimentary rocks.

A

Sedimentary Petrology

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4
Q

A simple model of the processes responsible for the production of sediments and sedimentary rocks.
Explain.

A

Sedimentary Cycle

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5
Q

What is the sequence of formation of sedimentary rocks?

A
  1. Weathering
  2. Erosion
  3. Transport
  4. Deposition
  5. Diagenesis
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6
Q

The process that breaks down rocks into sediments.

A

Weathering

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7
Q

The physical removal of material by mobile agents such as water, wind, ice or gravity.

A

Erosion

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8
Q

The transfer of rock and soil downslope under the influence of gravity

A

Mass Wasting

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9
Q

What are the three factors of weathering?

A
  1. Climate
  2. Rock Characteristics
  3. Differential Weathering
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10
Q

A factor of weathering that includes factors, particularly temperature and moisture, are crucial to the rate of rock weathering.

A

Climate

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11
Q

(A factor of weathering), chemical traits of rocks, including mineral composition and solubility

A

Rock Characteristics

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12
Q

-A factor of weathering where there is unequal weathering due to the rock’s composition.
-These are portions of a rock that is more weathered like exposed parts of an outcrop.

A

Differential Weathering

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13
Q

A mixture of minerals, organic matter, water and air

A

Soil

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14
Q

The layer of rock fragments produced by weathering.

A

Regolith

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15
Q

The study of physical and chemical properties of soils and their formation.

A

Pedology

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16
Q

What are the five factors that control soil formation?

A
  1. Parent Material
  2. Time
  3. Climate
  4. Organisms
  5. Topography
17
Q

The source of the weathered mineral matter from which soils develop.
(controls of soil formation)

A

Parent Material

18
Q

Strongly influences weathering by the length of time that processes have been operating.
(controls of soil formation)

A

Time

19
Q

A factor of soil formation which includes climatic elements, such as temperature and precipitation, that exert the strongest impact on soil formation.

A

Climate

20
Q

A factor of soil formation which includes The types and abundance of organisms present have a strong influence on the physical and chemical properties of soil.

A

Organisms

21
Q

Variations in topography can lead to the development of a variety of localized soil types. (controls of soil formation)

A

Topography

22
Q

Zones of soil with varying composition, texture and structure found at different depths.

A

Horizons

23
Q
  • A vertical section of all the soil horizons.
A

Soil Profile

24
Q

Washing out of fine soil components.

A

Eluviation

25
Q

Depletion of soluble materials from upper horizons.

A

Leaching

26
Q

Constitutes the O and A - horizon.

A

Topsoil

27
Q

Soil horizon that consists largely of organic material.

A

O Horizon

28
Q

The zone beneath the - O Horizon that is largely mineral matter, with biological activity is high and humus generally present at up to 30 percent in some instances.

A

A horizon

29
Q

A light-colored layer, known as the Zone of eluviation and leaching, that contains little organic material.

A

E horizon

30
Q

or Subsoil, is the Zone of accumulation where much of the material removed from the E Horizon by eluviation is deposited.

A

B Horizon

31
Q

Soil horizon also that is also known as True Soil, that constitutes the O, A, E and B Horizon.

A

Solum

32
Q

Soil horizon made up of a layer of partially altered parent material.

A

C Horizon

33
Q

Soil Horzion made up of the unweathered - parent material.

A

R Horizon

34
Q

The sequence of soil horizons based on the soil profile.

A

O, A, E, B, C, R

35
Q

The sequence of soil horizons based on who formed first.

A

R, C, O, A, E, B

36
Q

A system of soil classification based on the physical and chemical properties of the soil profile.

A

Soil Taxonomy

Midterms Petrology (8 decks)

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