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Midterms Petrology > Diagenesis/Textures > Flashcards

Diagenesis/Textures Flashcards

1
Q

Encompasses a suite of low temperature processes that affect sediments after their accumulation, typically after burial.

A

Diagenesis

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2
Q

A process of lithification that results from the expulsion of intergranular fluids caused by increases in confining pressure during progressively deeper burial.

A

Compaction

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3
Q

A process of lithification that occurs when subsurface fluids precipitate minerals in the spaces between grains that bind or cement grains to one another.

A

Cementation

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4
Q

What are the major cements of sedimentary rocks?

A
  1. Silica Minerals
  2. Carbonate Minerals
  3. Iron oxides and hydroxides
  4. Feldspars
  5. Clay Minerals
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5
Q

What is the most abundant silica cement?

A

Quartz

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6
Q

What is the most abundant cement in sandstones and gravelstones?

A

Carbonate minerals

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7
Q

What is the most abundant carbonate cement?

A

Calcite

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8
Q

What is the third most common cementing agent in sedimentary rocks?

A

Iron oxides and hydroxides

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9
Q

Chief iron oxide and hydroxide cements

A

Hematite, goethite, and limonite

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10
Q

Stages of Diagenesis

A

Eodiagenesis
Mesodiagenesis
Telodiagenesis

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11
Q

Early, shallow diagenesis that
occurs shortly after burial.

A

Eodiagenesis

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12
Q
  • Later, deeper diagenesis.
A

Mesodiagenesis

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13
Q

Still later, shallow diagenesis
that occurs as sedimentary rocks approach the surface due to erosion.

A

Telodiagenesis

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14
Q

Enumerate the texture parameters of sedimentary rocks.

A
  1. Grain Size
  2. Grain Shape
  3. Grain Orientation
  4. Porosity
  5. Permeability
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15
Q

A classification scheme that describes sediments’ particle sizes in epiclastic rocks. It also classifies particles sizes based on a logarithmic phi scale using the diameter (d)

A

Grain Size
Φ = -log₂d

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16
Q

A texture parameter of sedimentary rocks that determines or gives information regarding the nature or maturity of a grain.

A

Grain Shape

17
Q

What are the two factors affecting shape?

A
  1. Lithology
  2. Hardness
18
Q

Also known as the coarse fraction, is the component of detrital sedimentary rocks that have particles sizes from sand to gravel.

A

Clasts

19
Q

Also known as the fine fraction, is the mud- sized particles component of detrital sedimentary rocks.

A

Matrix

20
Q

A measure of particle population in an attempt to represent the typical particle size in the population.

A

Central Measure

21
Q

A bar graph that shows the weight percentage vs. phi values of clasts.

A

Histogram

22
Q

A line graph that shows the weight percentage vs. phi values of clasts.

A

Frequency Curve

23
Q

A line graph that shows the cumulative weight percent of all size coarser than, including the phi size fraction under consideration, are plotted against phi size classes.

A

Cumulative curve

24
Q

A method of passing soil and sediment samples through a series of stacked mesh to determine the distribution of grain sizes.

A

Sieving

25
Q

Spheroid particles that have similar dimensions in all directions.

A

Equant

26
Q

Rod-shaped particles that have an elongate cylindrical that have on axis much longer than the other two.

A

Prolate

27
Q

Disk-shaped particles that have a flattened cylindrical or disk-like shape where two axes are shorter than the other.

A

Oblate

28
Q

Particles that have a flattened shape where the three axes have three different lengths.

A

Bladed

29
Q

The distribution of grain sizes present within a sedimentary rock.

A

Sorting

30
Q

A quick method of determining the phi size value for any percentile, expressed as:

A

Sorting Coefficient
S₀ =∣Φ₁₀−Φ₉₀∣

31
Q

The arrangement of grains in a rock.

A

Packing Density

32
Q

The degree of how much fluids can pass through the materials.

A

Permeability

33
Q

The extent of how much sedimentary rock has undergone change starting from its parent material(s).

A

Maturity

34
Q

The degree of maturity that can indicate a sedimentary rock’s transportation history.

A

Textural maturity

35
Q

The degree of maturity that measures the amount of components present.

A

Compositional Maturity

Midterms Petrology (8 decks)

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