Intro lecture Flashcards
Why becomes the management of energy supply in urban areas become essential in the near future? (3 reasons)
1) IPPC (2014), urban areas consume between 67%-76% of global energy.
2) IPPC (2014), urban areas generate 75% of GHG emissions.
3) Global population 9 billion by 2040 and urban population 6 billion by 2050.
What categories does energy in the built environment consist of? (4 categories)
1) Energy demand
2) Energy supply
3) Energy storage
4 Integration aspects
What how is the urban energy consumption divided in different regions of the world? (Answer for ASEAN, South/mid America, South Africa, EU, USA and China, OECD, non OECD)
- ASEAN: 79% cooking
- South/mid America: 37-45% water heating and 29-33% cooking
- South Africa: 46% cooking and 25% water heating
- EU: 66% space heating
- USA: 37% space heating and 25% appliances
- China: 40% water heating and 31% space heating
- OECD: 47% space heating
- non-OECD: 39% cooking, 24% space heating and 20% water heating
How will the energy consumption of buildings change according to the 2DS and 6DS scenario?
- 2DS: stay constant
- 6DS: 50% increase
What are energy trends in cities regarding CO2 per capita and transport energy?
- CO2 emissions decrease when household size increase
- Transport energy decrease when population density increase
What are smart metering applications? (3 answers)
1) Demand response (peak clipping, valley filling, load shifting, flexible load shaping)
2) Energy efficiency (load conservation)
3) Self-consumption (take from grid when cheap, deliver to grid when expensive)
How does the sales in EV and PHEV change in the next 30 years?
- Currently 6 million sales per year
- 2050, 100 million sales per year
What is the technical electricity potential of urban rooftop PV in cities (100.000 inhabitants)? When does this potential change?
- The technical potential is 40%
- The higher te population, the lower the potential
What is the technical heat potential of MSW?
100%
What are the percentages of rooftop PV electricity production in India, Africa, non-OECD, OECD and World?
- India: 27%
- Africa: 25%
- non-OECD: 12%
- OECD: 6%
- World: 9%
What types of electrical energy storage systems are there? (5 answers)
1) Mechanical
2) Electrochemical
3) Chemical
4) Electrical
5) Thermal
What are examples of mechanical energy storage systems? (3 answers)
1) Pumped hydro
2) compressed air
3) flywheel
What are examples of electrochemical energy storage systems? (3 answers)
1) lead acid
2) Lithium ion
3) flow batteries
What are examples of chemical energy storage systems? (1 answer + 3 subanswers)
1) hydrogen (e.g. electrolyser, fuel cell, SNG)
What are examples of electrical energy storage systems? (2 answers)
1) double layer capacitor
2) superconducting magnetic coil
What are examples of thermal energy storage systems? (1 answer + 2 subanswers)
1) sensible heat storage (e.g. molten salt/ A-CAES)
What are the four levels of the grid and what is the voltage of these levels?
1) building level (LV, 230-380V)
2) district level (LV, 230-380V)
3) city level (MV)
4 national level (HV, 110 - 380 kV)
How does the length of the electricity network grow between 2010 and 2050? (give length change, urban change and non-urban change)
- 70 million km to 115 million km
- Urban networks double
- Non-urban networks stay the same
Since the electricity market liberalisation was initiated in 1996, many member states have pioneered the creation of competitive markets. Why did this not work?
The distribution and transmission of electrical power involve natural monopolies because competition cannot work due lo large investment costs and dominant economies of scale.
What are the three types of power markets?
1) Wholesale forward market
2) Wholesale spot markets
3) Ancillary services markets
Consumers need to be empowered to contribute in the transition of the energy market. Why is this? And what could be a barrier?
- Active users at the demand-side can contribute to solving the challenges of electricity systems
- A barrier is the consumer engagement and awareness regarding their own energy consumption
What are the targets of the Dutch climate agreement (klimaatakkoord)?
- Reduce GHG emissions with 49% in 2030 compared to 1990 levels
- There are sub-targets per sector (mobility, electricity, built environment, industry and agriculture)
