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EBE > Intro lecture > Flashcards

Intro lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Why becomes the management of energy supply in urban areas become essential in the near future? (3 reasons)

A

1) IPPC (2014), urban areas consume between 67%-76% of global energy.
2) IPPC (2014), urban areas generate 75% of GHG emissions.
3) Global population 9 billion by 2040 and urban population 6 billion by 2050.

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2
Q

What categories does energy in the built environment consist of? (4 categories)

A

1) Energy demand
2) Energy supply
3) Energy storage
4 Integration aspects

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3
Q

What how is the urban energy consumption divided in different regions of the world? (Answer for ASEAN, South/mid America, South Africa, EU, USA and China, OECD, non OECD)

A
  • ASEAN: 79% cooking
  • South/mid America: 37-45% water heating and 29-33% cooking
  • South Africa: 46% cooking and 25% water heating
  • EU: 66% space heating
  • USA: 37% space heating and 25% appliances
  • China: 40% water heating and 31% space heating
  • OECD: 47% space heating
  • non-OECD: 39% cooking, 24% space heating and 20% water heating
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4
Q

How will the energy consumption of buildings change according to the 2DS and 6DS scenario?

A
  • 2DS: stay constant

- 6DS: 50% increase

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5
Q

What are energy trends in cities regarding CO2 per capita and transport energy?

A
  • CO2 emissions decrease when household size increase

- Transport energy decrease when population density increase

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6
Q

What are smart metering applications? (3 answers)

A

1) Demand response (peak clipping, valley filling, load shifting, flexible load shaping)
2) Energy efficiency (load conservation)
3) Self-consumption (take from grid when cheap, deliver to grid when expensive)

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7
Q

How does the sales in EV and PHEV change in the next 30 years?

A
  • Currently 6 million sales per year

- 2050, 100 million sales per year

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8
Q

What is the technical electricity potential of urban rooftop PV in cities (100.000 inhabitants)? When does this potential change?

A
  • The technical potential is 40%

- The higher te population, the lower the potential

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9
Q

What is the technical heat potential of MSW?

A

100%

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10
Q

What are the percentages of rooftop PV electricity production in India, Africa, non-OECD, OECD and World?

A
  • India: 27%
  • Africa: 25%
  • non-OECD: 12%
  • OECD: 6%
  • World: 9%
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11
Q

What types of electrical energy storage systems are there? (5 answers)

A

1) Mechanical
2) Electrochemical
3) Chemical
4) Electrical
5) Thermal

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12
Q

What are examples of mechanical energy storage systems? (3 answers)

A

1) Pumped hydro
2) compressed air
3) flywheel

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13
Q

What are examples of electrochemical energy storage systems? (3 answers)

A

1) lead acid
2) Lithium ion
3) flow batteries

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14
Q

What are examples of chemical energy storage systems? (1 answer + 3 subanswers)

A

1) hydrogen (e.g. electrolyser, fuel cell, SNG)

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15
Q

What are examples of electrical energy storage systems? (2 answers)

A

1) double layer capacitor

2) superconducting magnetic coil

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16
Q

What are examples of thermal energy storage systems? (1 answer + 2 subanswers)

A

1) sensible heat storage (e.g. molten salt/ A-CAES)

17
Q

What are the four levels of the grid and what is the voltage of these levels?

A

1) building level (LV, 230-380V)
2) district level (LV, 230-380V)
3) city level (MV)
4 national level (HV, 110 - 380 kV)

18
Q

How does the length of the electricity network grow between 2010 and 2050? (give length change, urban change and non-urban change)

A
  • 70 million km to 115 million km
  • Urban networks double
  • Non-urban networks stay the same
19
Q

Since the electricity market liberalisation was initiated in 1996, many member states have pioneered the creation of competitive markets. Why did this not work?

A

The distribution and transmission of electrical power involve natural monopolies because competition cannot work due lo large investment costs and dominant economies of scale.

20
Q

What are the three types of power markets?

A

1) Wholesale forward market
2) Wholesale spot markets
3) Ancillary services markets

21
Q

Consumers need to be empowered to contribute in the transition of the energy market. Why is this? And what could be a barrier?

A
  • Active users at the demand-side can contribute to solving the challenges of electricity systems
  • A barrier is the consumer engagement and awareness regarding their own energy consumption
22
Q

What are the targets of the Dutch climate agreement (klimaatakkoord)?

A
  • Reduce GHG emissions with 49% in 2030 compared to 1990 levels
  • There are sub-targets per sector (mobility, electricity, built environment, industry and agriculture)

EBE (10 decks)

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