Electric Vehicles Flashcards
1
Q
What are the three types of electric vehicles?
A
1) hybrid (HEV)
2) Plug-in Hybrid (PHEV)
3) Battery (BEV)
2
Q
What are the advantages of an EV?
A
- Local availability of energy source o Stimulating local economy o Decrease dependence external countries - Fewer GHG emissions o Total emissions factor = well to tank + tank to wheel
3
Q
EV infrastructure: charging on LV-network. How does it work? What are the charging limits?
A
- AC grid versus DC battery
- Most cars have onboard AC/DC converter
- Limits AC-charging power because of:
1) Grid capacity
1. 1) 3 phase * 32A * 230V = 22 kW (public)
1. 2) 1 phase * 16A * 230V = 3.7 kW (home power plug)
2) Car convertor
2. 1) PHEV 3.7 kW, BEV 7 to 22 kW
4
Q
What impact has EV charging on the power grids?
A
- Average Dutch household demand: 2790 kWh/year
- BEV electricity demand: 13000 km/year * 0.2 kWh/km = 2600 kWh/year
- Can the current LV-grid handle this increase?
5
Q
What is the difference between uncontrolled and controlled charging?
A
- Lower the evening peak, while increasing the mid-day and night load.
- This can reduce the total system costs (electricity production and infrastructure)
6
Q
What do you need to know for EV demand flexibility?
A
- Parking duration
- Charging duration
o Energy needed [kWh]
o Maximum charging power [kW]
7
Q
What are the three key points of EV’s?
A
- EVs have much potential to save emissions. (But dependent on electricity generation mix)
- Uncontrolled EV demand is expected to violate LV-network capacity limits
- There are possibilities to shift charging demand (smart charging) and use EVs provide grid services (e.g. V2G)