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EBE > Energy storage > Flashcards

Energy storage Flashcards

1
Q

What are the drivers of the energy storage market growth?

A
  • Declining costs (273 $/kWh in 2016)
  • Policies (e.g. US and Germany)
  • Renewables integration
  • More flexibility is needed
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2
Q

What is the definition of energy storage?

A
  • The general method and specific technologies for storing electric energy from a primary source in a form convenient for use at a later time.
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3
Q

What are the two types of electro-chemical energy storage?

A

1) Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)

2) Flow Battery Energy Storage System (FBESS)

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4
Q

Give 4 examples of Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)

A

o Lead Acid (LA) Battery (Most widely used, lowest costs per kWh, temp sensitive, low energy density, cycle life is 500-1800 cycles.)
o Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cd) Battery
o Sodium Sulphur (NaS) Battery
o Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Battery (Technology for small applications, high energy density, cycle life 15000 cyles, high cost, safety not always guaranteed)

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5
Q

Give 3 examples of Flow Battery Energy Storage System (FBESS)

A

o Vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) (Cycle life is 13000 cycles, low daily self-discharge, low cost to store large amount of energy, high complexity, low energy density, low round-trip efficiency. Could be used for load levelling RES.)
o Polysulphide–bromide flow battery (PSB)
o Zinc–bromine flow battery (ZBB)

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of a battery? (give 11)

A

1) Nominal capacity (Ah)
2) Operating capacity (Ah)
3) State of charge (%)
4) Dept of discharge (%)
5) Energy rating (Wh)
6) Power rating (Watt)
7) Calendar life (Years)
8) Cycle life (Cycles)
9) Capacity fade, self-discharge (%)
10) Specific energy density (Wh/kg)
11) Specific power density (W/kg)

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7
Q

Where can electric energy storage be located?

A
  • Front of the Meter (FTM) (Grid level energy storage)

- Behind the Meter (BTM) (located at user premises)

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8
Q

What are the two different temporal scales of storage systems?

A 
-	Long duration services
o	Example: Energy management – Production scheduling
o	Discharge time: several hours
-	Short duration services
o	Example: Ancillary services
o	Discharge time: minutes-hour
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9
Q

Why transmission upgrade, or why storage system?

A 
- Transmission Upgrade
o Long construction time (many years)
o Decision under uncertainty
o Lumpy investments (capital intensive)
- Storage: “No wires” alternative
o Fast construction time (few months)
o Incremental additions (modest capital)
o “Option Value” of storage
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10
Q

Where comes the revenue of a storage investor from?

A
  • Energy markets
  • Ancillary services markets
  • Capacity markets
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11
Q

What are the four challenges of battery energy storage? (elaborate on them)

A

1) Regulatory:
- No storage definition in most current regulatory frameworks
o Pumped Storage is treated as generation resource
o Market rules designed for traditional generation resources
- Electricity sector unbundling and value stacking
o Storage benefits span both the regulated and the competitive segments of the electricity sector
o Ownership rights
o Tariffs and rules that recognize the value of energy storage resources for the provision of distribution system benefits.

2) Technical:
- Energy storage management
o under uncertainty
o capturing the real-time price volatility
o battery degradation

3) Economic:
- Investment, O&M costs

4) Environmental:
- LCE, LCC
- Recyclability
- Metal criticality

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12
Q

Why is heat important towards a low carbon built environment?

A
  • 60% of energy demand in the Netherlands goes to heat

- Also in household the heat and hot water demand is almost ¾

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13
Q

What are the heat related strategies towards a low carbon built environment?

A
  • Insulation
  • Electrification (electricity and heat)
  • District heating
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14
Q

What are the four types of Underground Thermal Energy Storage? (give also characteristics)

A 
- Tank thermal energy storage (TTES): 
o high charge/discharge capacity
o while high investment costs
- Pit thermal energy storage (PTES)
o high charge/discharge capacity
o low investment costs
o while more space needed
- Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES)
o low investment costs
o while geological investigation is needed
- Borehole thermal energy storage (BTES)
o most subsurface conditions are suitable
o while low charge/discharge capacity
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15
Q

Describe a Tank thermal energy storage (TTES)

A
  • A tank typically made of stainless steel, concrete or glass-fiber reinforced plastic.
  • The tank is filled with water which works as the physical storage medium.
  • TTES can be located above ground level which is the most common case, but it can also be located under ground level.
  • In the tank there is a vertical temperature distribution so that the temperature in the top of the tank is high and the temperature in the bottom of the storage is low.
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16
Q

Describe a Pit thermal energy storage (PTES)

A
  • A PTES is a large pit dug in the ground fitted with a membrane, typically of plastic, on the bottom and walls of the pit to keep the storage from leaking.
  • Uses water as the storage medium.
  • The pit is covered with an insulating lid to reduce the energy losses from the storage which can be floating on the surface of the water.
  • The side walls and bottom of the storage are often not insulated because the ground material, soil or sand etc. has an insulating effect.
  • It requires a relatively large amount of space because of the dimensions
17
Q

Describe a Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES)

A
  • An aquifer is a permeable underground geological layer that contains ground water.
  • An ATES consists of at least two wells into the same aquifer with a sufficient distance between them.
  • The physical storage medium is partly the water that is injected into the well and partly the material of the aquifer.
  • Insulation of the storage itself is not necessary. ATES directly extracts the ground water, it passes through a heat exchanger and is injected into the ground again.
18
Q

Describe a Borehole thermal energy storage (BTES)

A
  • A BTES consists of a number of boreholes dug in the ground in which pipes are placed.
  • The storage is charged by pumping hot water through the pipes in the boreholes which then transmits thermal energy to the material in the ground surrounding the boreholes.
  • When discharging, cold water is pumped through the pipes in the boreholes and the stored energy in the ground is absorbed in the water and can be used for heating.
  • The storage medium here is the material in the ground surrounding the boreholes and not the water in the pipes which is just a transfer medium.
  • There is usually a layer of insulation on top of the area where the boreholes are located to reduce heat losses.

EBE (10 decks)

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