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HD exam one > Intro lecture > Flashcards

Intro lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Organs of the immune system

A

Bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, adenoids, tonsils, and appendix

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2
Q

Method of transfer for immune system cells

A

Through lymph or through blood

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3
Q

Location of lymph node clusters

A

Axilla, neck, abdomen, and groin

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4
Q

Germinal center

A

Where antibody is produced by B cells after antigen stimulation

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5
Q

Paracortex

A

Mostly T lymphocytes

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6
Q

Medulla

A

Mostly macrophages

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7
Q

Main cells involved in the first line of defense

A

Macrophages and neutrophils

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8
Q

Monocytes

A

Mature into specialized macrophages that migrate to the peripheral tissues of the body and prepare for microbial invasion

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9
Q

Where do large numbers of mature macrophages reside?

A

In connective tissue, the digestive tract, the respiratory tract, spleen, and in the liver (Kupffer cells)

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10
Q

Neutrophils

A

Short-lived cells that circulate in the blood. Migrate to place of infection when they occur to assist macrophages

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11
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Macrophage-like and are highly specialized for phagocytosis and presentation of antigens

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12
Q

Eosinophils are the principal defender against what kind of pathogen?

A

Parasites

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13
Q

Cluster of differentiation antigens

A

(CD’s). Different ones are expressed on the cell surface of different types of cells to differentiate them from each other

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14
Q

CD marker on granulocytes

A

CD15

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15
Q

CD marker on monocytes

A

CD14

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16
Q

CD marker on dendritic cells

A

CD11c

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17
Q

CD marker on T cells

A

CD3

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18
Q

CD marker on cytotoxic T cells

A

CD8

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19
Q

CD marker on helper T cells

A

CD4

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20
Q

CD marker on B cells

A

CD19

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21
Q

CD marker on natural killer cells

A

CD56

22
Q

What happens when a foreign microbe enters the human body?

A

Phagocytosed by dendritic cells, which then make antigens and present them to T cells after traveling to peripheral lymph organs

23
Q

What happens if the foreign antigen is in the blood stream?

A

It is captured by the spleen and dealt with there

24
Q

Where are class I MHC molecules expressed?

A

In virtually all nucleated cells

25
Q

Where are class II MHC molecues expressed?

A

In B cells, macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells

26
Q

What do MHC molecules do?

A

Present foreign antigens as antigenic peptides

27
Q

Antigen

A

Molecules that stimulate the production of/ bind to antibodies

28
Q

Epitopes

A

Multiple antigenic components on a pathogen

29
Q

Definition of antigen

A

Any non-self molecule that is capable of eliciting the production of antibodies

30
Q

Innate immunity

A

Provides initial defense against microbes and is not antigen specific

31
Q

What happens if innate immunity fails to eliminate the pathogen?

A

The adaptive immune system responds in a specific manner to eliminate the invading microorganism

32
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Mediated by B cells and T cells; antigen-specific. Takes time to elicit effects.

33
Q

What portion of adaptive immunity do B cells control?

A

Humoral response

34
Q

What portion of adaptive immunity do T cells control?

A

Cell-mediated response

35
Q

Compare humoral immunity to cell-mediated immunity.

A

Humoral immunity is the release of antibodies to impair the pathogen. Cell-mediated either phagocytoses the pathogen directly or releases cytokines that kill the foreign antigen

36
Q

Stages of the adaptive response

A
  1. Recognition of the antigen
  2. Phagocytosis of the antigen by an APC
  3. Presentation of the antigen
  4. Activation of T/B lymphocytes
  5. Clonal expansion and differentiation
37
Q

What happens as antigen is eliminated?

A

The immune response slows, and effector lymphocytes undergo apoptosis except for ones that are kept as memory cells

38
Q

What happens to the B cell when it encounters its match?

A

Antigen attaches to the receptor, the B cell clonally expands, differentiates, and some become plasma cells that produce the antibodies at rates up to 10,000,000/hour

39
Q

Two major ways T cells are immunogenic

A

Kill things directly or release cytokines that help other cells

40
Q

Which cells make cytokines?

A

T helper cells

41
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

They are factors for growth, differentiation, and activation of B and T cells

42
Q

What chemicals do cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells release?

A

Perforin and granzymes

43
Q

Cytotoxic T cells react to what kind of MHC?

A

Class one

44
Q

Against what does cell-mediated immunity protect?

A

Bacteria, fungus, and viruses that are inside a host cell and therefore inaccessible to antibodies, as well as cancer cells.

45
Q

B cell clonal expansion requires what?

A

Cytokines produced by T helper cells

46
Q

Helper T cells respond to MHC class __ molecules.

A

II

47
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

They can activate them; they also mark them for destruction by other cells and the complement system

48
Q

What is the complement system?

A

A series of 30 proteins found in plasma that will kill an invader

49
Q

Secondary response

A

When the same antigen is encountered twice, the response the second time will be much greater and faster; serves as a protective response.

50
Q

Active immunity

A

The body builds up its own stores of immune cells and mounts and immune response on its own (can be from general infection or artificially by vaccination)

51
Q

Passive immunity

A

Passed from one person to the other; e.g., breastfeeding or antibody transfusion

HD exam one (9 decks)

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