Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HD exam one > Cells of the immune system > Flashcards

Cells of the immune system Flashcards

1
Q

Hematopoietic cells

A

Progenitor cells from which all differentiated blood cell types arise during the process of hematopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where do HSCs sit in the bone marrow?

A

In a niche of osteoblasts or in sinusoidal endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the purpose of the HSCs being in a niche?

A

The niche has all the growth factors and other renewal factors that are needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Can HSCs be in the plasma?

A

Yes, but growth factors in the bone marrow encourage them to “home” back to the niches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

HSC maintenance is also affected by what type of cell?

A

Stromal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What else do stromal cells do?

A

They push the HSCs toward differentiation to a certain type of progenitor cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What two types of cells can a HSC become?

A

Lymphoid or myeloid progenitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Common myeloid progenitors can become what types of cells?

A

Thrombocytes, red blood cells, granuloctes (e.g., mast cells), basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, or eosinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What can monocytes become?

A

Dendritic cells or tissue macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Common lymphoid progenitors become what types of cells?

A

B cells, T cells, or NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Principal cytokines for myeloid progenitors

A

IL-3 and GM-CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Principal cytokines for lymphoid progenitors

A

IL-7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Principal cytokines for basophils

A

IL-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Principal cytokines for neutrophils

A

G-CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Principal cytokines for eosinophils

A

IL-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Principal cytokines for monocytes/macrophages

A

GM-CSF &/or M-CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Principal cytokines for dendritic cells

A

Flt3L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Principal cytokines for B cells

A

Many, including IL-3 and IL-7

19
Q

Principal cytokines for T cells

A

IL-2 and IL-7

20
Q

How do activated lymphocytes get from lymph nodes into circulation?

A

First go through the lymph tissue to the thoracic duct, then dump into somatic circulation

21
Q

What is another name for neutrophils?

A

Polymorphonuclear neutrophilic lymphocytes (PMNs)

22
Q

What type of cell are neutrophils?

A

Granulated myeloid cells; not very acidic or basic

23
Q

What is special about neutrophils?

A

They are the most abundant cell and are the “front line” in the innate immune response

24
Q

What is the lifespan of a neutrophil?

A

Short; they usually only phagocytose once and then die

25
Q

What is extracellular killing?

A

The neutrophils, if not large enough to phagocytose the pathogen, can release antimicrobial granules out into the mileau (which will also cause local tissue damage)

26
Q

NETs

A

Neutrophil extracellular traps - contain the granular enzymes and killing molecules, but also DNA that immobilize pathogens

27
Q

Clinical representation of neutrophil invasion

A

Pus

28
Q

General information about macrophages

A

Derived from circulating monocytes
Not very granular
Highly active nucleus for constant transcription
Have a lot of lysosomes for killing

29
Q

Can macrophages be antigen presenting cells?

A

Yes.

30
Q

Describe the immune response by macrophages over the course of infection.

A

They are originally not large in number at the infection site, but those that are present will help with recruitment. Once recruitment takes place, the presence of T cells will help with proliferation of macrophages and their response becomes much greater.

31
Q

Macrophages are strong recruiters of what process?

A

The inflammatory response

32
Q

Primary focus of dendritic cells

A

Antigen presentation

33
Q

Methods environmental sampling by dendritic cells

A

Phagocystosis or macropinocytosis

34
Q

Why are dendritic cells so important?

A

They are the link between innate response and adaptive response; without them, there would be a very weak T cell response to any foreign invader

35
Q

General features of eosinophis

A

Bilobed; absorb the eosin stains really well and turn bright pink. Neutralize and destroy parasitic invaders.

36
Q

What is contained within eosinophils, and what does that mean for the body?

A

They have a lot of enzymes and molecules that cause tissue destruction, vasodilation, and inflammatory response; must be very tightly regulated by the immune system

37
Q

Where are eosinophils usually found?

A

They are scarce, but usually reside in subepithelial connective tissue

38
Q

In what are eosinophils important clinically?

A

The allergic response

39
Q

General information about mast cells

A

Large, mononuclear cells that are filled with dark, basophilic granules mainly containing histamine.

40
Q

What is the main job of mast cells?

A

To “open vascular doors;” they degranulate vasoactive substances during an infection and cause vasodilation, increased permeability

41
Q

Basophils

A

Accomplice to mast cells and eosinophils; 2-3 lobes

42
Q

Natural killer cells - appearance

A

Large, mononuclear cells that are distinctively granular.

43
Q

Against what are NK cells aimed?

A

Viruses and tumor cells

44
Q

Why are NK cells so important?

A

They are very much like lymphocytes, but they are innate so they act quickly at killing a pathogen while the adaptive immune response is “gearing up”

HD exam one (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions