Intro, Inflammation, Tissue, Pain

Question 1

How are physical agents generally described?

Answer 1

As category of energy (thermal, mechanical, electromagnetic) or types (US, water, heat, e-stim, etc)

Question 2

What are some functions of physical agents?

Answer 2

To help modify tissue inflammation and healing, relieve pain, alter collagen extensibility, modify muscle tone-contracting ability

Question 3

What are the phases of healing?

Answer 3

Inflammatory, Proliferative, Maturation

Question 4

Describe and state the usual time frame of the inflammation phase.

Answer 4

Prepares wound for healing, 1-6 days

Question 5

Describe and state the usual time frame of the proliferation phase.

Answer 5

rebuilds damaged structures and strengthens the wound, 3-20 days

Question 6

Describe and state the usual time frame of the maturation phase.

Answer 6

Modifies scar tissue into its mature form - day 9 onward

Question 7

What types of factors can affect the healing process?

Answer 7

Local, external, systemic

Question 8

State some external forces that affect healing process.

Answer 8

Utilizing modalities, proper nutrition, environment

Question 9

State some systemic forces that can affect the healing process.

Answer 9

Conditions that can increase edema and decrease circulation (vascular diseases, diabetes, tissue disorders, etc.), proper nutrition

Question 10

Why does cartilage have limited ability to heal?

Answer 10

Lack of lymphatics, BVs, and nerves

Question 11

What are some factors can affect the ability of a tendon or ligament to heal?

Answer 11

type and extent of damage, vascular supply, and control of movement

Question 12

If a tendon does heal what will happen?

Answer 12

will possess a unique scar maturation phase that can achieve an advances state of repair

Question 13

How can healing occur to skeletal muscle?

Answer 13

In some cases through stem cells

Question 14

What can develop after a severe contusion to a muscle?

Answer 14

Calcified hematoma

Question 15

What are the four stages of bone healing?

Answer 15

inflammation, soft callus, hard callus, bone remodelling

Question 16

What happens in the inflammation phase and when does it occur?

Answer 16

Creates hematoma, disrupts blood supply, lowers pH. shortly after impact

Question 17

What happens in the soft callus phase and when does it occur?

Answer 17

stabilizes fx, decreases pain, and reduced chance of fat embolism. begin after swelling subsides

Question 18

What happens in the hard callus phase and when does it occur?

Answer 18

clinical healing period. 3 weeks-4 months

Question 19

What happens in the bone remodeling phase and when does it occur?

Answer 19

healed fibrous bone converted to lamellar bone and medullary canal becomes patent again. months to years

Question 20

What is the most common symptom prompting patients to seek care?

Answer 20

pain

Question 21

What is the definition of pain?

Answer 21

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

Question 22

What is pain a warning of?

Answer 22

actual or potential tissue damage

Question 23

Describe some methods for assessing pain.

Answer 23

Visual analog and numeric scales, comparison with a predefined stimulus, daily activity/pain logs, body diagrams, interviews, physical exam and testing

Question 24

What neurons respond to intense mechanical stimulation and heat or cold?

Answer 24

A delta

Question 25

What neurons are short duration classified by sharp, stabbing or pricking sensation?

Answer 25

A delta

Question 26

What neurons can be blocked by opioids?

Answer 26

c afferent

Question 27

What neurons can be blocked by opioids?

Answer 27

c afferent

Question 28

What neurons are small and myelinated?

Answer 28

A delta

Question 29

What neuron makes up 20% of pain afferents?

Answer 29

A delta

Question 30

What neuron makes up 80% of pain afferents?

Answer 30

C afferent

Question 31

What neurons are non painful sensation by related to vibration, stretching, and mechanical pressure?

Answer 31

A beta

Question 32

What tissue is typically classified by sharp, pricking, vibrating pain that is easily located?

Answer 32

Skin/superficial

Question 33

What tissue is typically classified by dull, achy, heavy pain and can be difficult to localize?

Answer 33

MSK

Question 34

What tissue is typically aching quality but frequently referred superficially?

Answer 34

Visceral

Question 35

Describe how the endogenous opioid system for pain control.

Answer 35

chemicals control pain by binding to specific opioid receptors

Question 36

Describe how the gate control for pain control.

Answer 36

non-nociceptive sensory fibers stimulate the inhibitory neurons and nociceptive afferents inhibit them

Question 37

What type of pain is elicited by activation of nociceptive tissues in the absence of tissue damage, that can go away on its own?

Answer 37

Transient

Question 38

What type of pain is relatively short duration and a reflex mechanism for protection from damage?

Answer 38

Acute

Question 39

What type of pain is longer duration that persists beyond typical range for a condition?

Answer 39

Chronic

Question 40

What type of pain has a clear stimulus-response relationship with the initial injury?

Answer 40

Nociceptive

Question 41

What type of pain is burning or lancinating quality, usually accompanied by signs and symptoms of neurological dysfunction?

Answer 41

Neuropathic

Question 42

What type of sensitization is due to a release of local chemicals?

Answer 42

Peripheral

Question 43

What type of sensitization is increased duration and magnitude of CNS response?

Answer 43

Central - hyperalgesia