Intro/History of Cog Psyc Flashcards by Miller Enrile

Is the school of thought which is interest in how people mentally represent and process information.

Cognitive Psychology

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The study of how people perceive, learn, remember and think about information.

Cognitive Psychology

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What subjects are included in cognitive psychology?

Memory
Attention
Perception
Problem Solving
Decision Making
Reasoning
Language

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a German-American Psychologist and Father of Cognitive Psychology

Ulrich Neisser

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He characterized people as dynamic information-processing systems whose mental operations might be described in computational terms.

Ulrich Neisser

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Refers to all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used.

Cognition

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In what analogy is cognitive psychology compared?

Computer Analogy

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TRUE OR FALSE

Cognitive explanations identify computational
processes giving rise to behavior.

TRUE

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What happened on May 11, 1997?

IMB Chess Machine Beats Humanity’s Champ

On May 11, 1997, the IBM computer Deep Blue defeated Garry Kasparov, the world chess champion, in a historic match. In the final game, Kasparov gave up after only 19 moves, saying he had lost the will to fight. This marked the first time a computer had beaten a reigning world champion in a full chess match, proving that machines could outplay even the best human players.

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What are the differences between the mind and the computer?

Physical Nature
Reproductive Process
Experience
Consciousness

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What are the similarities of the mind and the computer?

Input, output, access store, retrieve, and analyze info,

IOASRA

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TRUE OR FALSE

The Cognitive Approach denies that people are computers, only that people and computers both process information.

TRUE

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What are the philosophical antecedents of cog psych, explain each.

Rationalist
-acquire knowledge through thinking and logical analysis.

Empiricist
-acquire knowledge via empirical evidence.

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-dualism between a material body and immaterial mind or soul
-mechanistic explanations for the body’s functions
-highest functions of consciousness, will and reasoning, were non-mechanistic

also, what philosophical idea he belongs.

Rene Descartes

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Integrating algebra and geometry: numerical relationships of algebraic equations are expressed visually through the use of a coordinate graphic system. (cartesian coordinates)

Analytic Geometry

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A tiny gland in our brain that produces melatonin which regulates sleep. Sleep is essential in learning and memory, and is crucial in cognitive processes.

Pineal Gland

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Who are the people in Empiricism, and explain

John Locke
Immanuel Kant

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An English philosopher who theorized that the mind was a tabula rasa at birth, and that all human knowledge comes through experience.

John Locke

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-Two domains of reality: noumenal and phenomenal
-noumenal world is indirectly “knowable” by the senses, but can it be scientifically studied?

Immanuel Kant

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exaplin why psychology is a science

-Can be described easily
-not too transient to observe/measure
-can be manipulated experimentally
-can be described mathematically

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Who provided the question to become psychology as a science?

Kant

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After Kant provided the question, Helmholtz provided?

Mechanistic Models

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After Kant, and Helmholtz, who provided mathematical solutions?

Fechner

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What are the psychology antecedents? Explain each

Structuralism
-the elementary content (structures) of the human mind.

Functionalism
-how and why does the mind work?

Associationism
-How can events or ideas become associated in the mind?

Behaviorism
-What is the relation between behavior and environment

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Who are the founders of psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt and William James

-He was a harvard professor who established American Psychology "functionalism" -1890 textbook The Principles of Psychology -Philosophy of Pragmatism

William James

-Was an American comparative psychologist who studied with James. -became famous for his studies of trial-and-error learning and formulation of the law of effect, and his studies with Woodworth on the transfer of training.

Edward Lee Thorndike

stimulus-response are followed by pleasure, they are strengthened, while responses followed by annoyance or pain tend to be “stamped out.”

Law of Effect

Cognitions should play ana active role in psychology.

Gestalt Psychology

Who are the people at the History of Computing?

Charles Babbage Alan Turing Claude Shannon

He proposed analytical engine which is more ambitious than the DIFFERENCE ENGINE and its purpose is to store memory as well as to have CPU

Charles Babbage

He invented the principle of the modern computer, was a cryptanalyst during WWII and broke the German Code helping to win the war, and created Turing Test for deciding whether computers think.

Alan Turing

What are the three contribution of Alan Turing

1. Principle of the Modern Computer 2. Broke the German Code 3. Turing Test

He is the author of the "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" and is credited as the founder of digital computers and digital circuit design.

Claude Shannon

What are the contributions of Claude Shannon?

1. Author of A Mathematical Theory of Communication 2. Founder of Digital Computers and Digital Circuit Design

Cognitive abilities have been studied philosophically before the founding of psychology

Intellectual History

A Swiss psychologist and the founder of cognitive devt.

Jean Piaget

Challenged Behaviorist assumptions by examining the internal mental process. These processes were called Intervening Variables

Edward Tolman Clark Hull

For ____ the variables were mainly physiological or needs.

Hull

For _____, they were mainly cognitive variables (mental maps)

Tolman

Who are the key person who presented their key ideas in founding the cognitive psychology.

1. Carl Rogers and Donald Hebb 2. Herbert Simon and Allen Newll 3. George Miller 4. Chomsky (Newell, Simon, and Miller) 5. Bruner 6. Festinger 7. Hebb

They both challenged radical behaviorism and psychoanalysis.

Carl Rogers and Donald Hebb

He emphasized the importance of internal conscious processes and its role in behavior.

Carl Rogers

He contributed to the rise of cognitive interests with his book THE ORGANIZATIONS OF BEHAVIOR. (biological explanation and cognitive processes)

Donald Hebb

Were founding fathers of several of today's important scientific domains, including artificial Intelligence, information processing, decision-making, problem-solving,

Herbert Simon and Allen Newell

Princeton Professor whose ideas are fundamental to cognitive psychology, and he claimed that STM could only hold 7(-/+2) chunks of information.

George Miller

-Suggested that TOTE should replace the stimulus response as the basic unit of behavior explanations. -Concept central in goal -directed behavior.

Miller, Galanter, and Pribram

What happened during Sept 11, 1956

IEEE Symposium (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)

KEY IDEAS were: -Learning is an active process where learners construct new ideas -Cognitive structure (schema, models) provides meaning and organization to experiences.

Jerome Bruner

Noted that ideas that one may have might be compatible with or incompatible with one another. Cognitive Dissonance

Leon Festinger

-He noted the work of Festinger and Miller, Galanter, & Pribram as good starts toward this rigorous cognitive psychology. -He was also encouraged by the possibility of using computer models for studying cognitive processes.

Hebb

When we was the development of computers?

1950

Who are the people in psychobiology?

1. Karl Spencer Lashey 2. Alan Turing 3. Augusta Ada King

He pioneered in neuroscience and studied learning and memory

Karl Spencer Lashley

Founder of computer science, mathematician, philosopher

Alan Turing

daughter of the poet, Byron, gifted mathematician, and wrote first computer program.

Augusta Ada King

What are the research methods?

1. Controlled Experiments 2. Psychobiological Research 3. Self Reports 4. Case Studies 5. Naturalistic Observation 6. Computer SImulations and AI

What are included in an experiment?

-manipulate the independent variable (cause) -measure the dependent variable (effect) -controll all other variables (prevent confounds)

What are the typical independent variables?

-characteristics of the situation -characteristics of the task -characteristics of participants -percent correct/error rate -reaction time (milliseconds)

Presence vs absence of a stimulus

Characteristics of the Situation

Reading vs listening to words for comprehenstion

Characteristics of the Task

Age differences

Characteristics of participants

Accuracy of mental processing

Percent Correct/Error Rate

Speed of mental processing

Reaction Time(milliseconds)