3 Attention and Consciousness

Question 2

active processing of a limited amount of information from the enormous amount of information available through our senses, our stored memories, and our other cognitive processes.

Answer 2

Attention

Question 3

What are the four functions and theories of attention

Answer 3

1. Signal Detection and Vigilance
2. Search
3. Selective Attention
4. Divided Attention

Question 4

The detection of a crucial stimulus among the mass of stimuli in a certain area

Answer 4

Signal Detection

Question 4

A person’s ability to attend to a field of stimulation over a prolonged period, during which they seek to detect the presence of a target stimulus

Answer 4

Vigilance

Question 5

Explains how people detect a target stimuli (signal) when embedded in a wealth of irrelevant, distracting stimuli.

Answer 5

Signal Detection Theory

Question 6

What are the four possible outcomes in signal detection theory?

Answer 6

Hit, False Alarm, Miss, Correct Rejection

Question 7

a scan of the environment for particular features

Answer 7

Search

Question 8

non-target stimuli that divert out attention away from the target stimulus, which makes the search more difficulty

Answer 8

Distracters

Question 9

Two Types of Search

Answer 9

Feature Search
Conjunction Search

Question 10

scanning the environment for a distinct feature

Answer 10

Feature Search

Question 11

Looking for a particular combination of features

Answer 11

Conjunction Search

Question 12

What are the three theories under SEARCH?

Answer 12

Feature-Integration Theory
Similarity Theory
Guided Search Theory

Question 13

The relative ease of conducting feature searches and the relative difficulty of conducting conjunction searchers

Answer 13

Feature-Integration Theory

Question 14

As the similarity between target and distracters increases, so does the difficulty in detecting the target stimuli.

Answer 14

Similarity Theory

Question 15

All searches (feature or conjunction search) involve two consecutive stages. What are those stages? and what is this?

Answer 15

Guided Search Theory

1. Parallel Stage
2. Serial Stage

Question 15

attending to some stimuli and to ignore others

Answer 15

Selective Attention

Question 15

Process of tracking one conversation in the face of the distraction of other conversations

Answer 15

Cocktail Party Problem

Question 16

Theories under Selective Attention

Answer 16

Broadbent’s Model
Selective Filter Model
Attenuation Model
Late Selection Model

Question 17

filtering of information right after noticing at the sensory level

Answer 17

Broadbent’s Model

Question 18

What are the two concepts under broadbent”s model? define each

Answer 18

Shadowing - listening to two different messages

Dichotic Presentation - presenting a separate message to each other

Question 19

messages that are of high importance to a person may break through the filter of selective attention

Answer 19

Selective Filter Model

Question 20

A later filtering mechanism weakens the strength of stimuli other than the target stimulus

Answer 20

Attenuation Model

Question 21

under attenuation model

attention is limited, but instead of completely blocking out distractions, we turn down the volume on the things we’re not focusing on.

Answer 21

Bottleneck

Question 22

stimuli are filtered out after they have been analyzed for both their physical properties and their meaning

Answer 22

Late Selection Model

Question 23

allocation available attentional resources to coordinate the performance of more than one task at at time.

Answer 23

Divided Attention

Question 24

Theories under Divided Attention

Answer 24

Attentional-Resources Theory Resource Theory

Question 25

is under divided attention - processes requiring attention must be handled sequentially

Answer 25

Psychological Refractory Period (PRP)

Question 26

people have a fixed amount of attention that they can choose to allocate according to what the task requires.

Answer 26

Attentional-resources Theory

Question 27

as each of the complex tasks becomes increasingly automated, performance of each task makes fewer demands on limited-capacity attentional resources.

Answer 27

Resource Theory

Question 28

Define what is consciousness and its neuroscience view.

Answer 28

Consciousness is a complex concept and has no single agreed-upon definition. -an inherently subjective state -consciousness seems to be unitary -an emergent property of the brain Neuroscience View: consciousness results from the coordinated activity of a population of neurons in the brain.

Question 29

Thoughts and perceptions don't happen in a single place or in a fixed order. Instead, different pieces of information are processed a t different times in different parts of the brain.

Answer 29

Dennett's Multiple Drafts Theory of Consciousness

Question 30

3 Concepts under Dennett's Multiple Drafts Theory of Consciousness

Answer 30

1. Parallel Processing 2. Editing before Awareness 3. Awareness happens at different Stages

Question 31

What are the two dimensions of conciousness?

Answer 31

Wakefulness Awareness

Question 32

the degree of alertness reflecting whether a person is awake or asleep

Answer 32

Wakefulness

Question 33

Monitoring of information from the environment and from one's own thoughts

Answer 33

Awareness

Question 34

What are the three levels of consciousness

Answer 34

1. Minimal Consciousness 2. Moderate Consciousness 3. Full Consciousness

Question 35

The state when people are barely awake or aware.

Answer 35

Minimal Consciousness

Question 36

Three Levels of Minimal Consciousness

Answer 36

1. Coma 2. Vegetative State 3. Minimally Conscious State

Question 37

The person is completely unresponsive, with eyes closes.

Answer 37

Vegetative State

Question 38

The person shows some intentional behavior.

Answer 38

Minimally Conscious State

Question 39

The middle state between being fully awake and completely unconscious.

Answer 39

Moderate Consciousness

Question 40

Two concepts under Moderate Consciousness

Answer 40

1. Freud's Preconscious 2. Sleep and Dreams

Question 41

Thoughts that are not actively thought about but can be recalled when needed

Answer 41

Freud's Preconscious

Question 42

When we sleep, we are not fully unconscious. We can still hear important sounds while ignoring others. however, there is a mental barrier that blocks most outside sensations

Answer 42

Sleep and Dreams

Question 43

A high degree of wakefulness and awareness that ranges from normal waking states to states of flow and mindfulness.

Answer 43

Full Consciousness

Question 44

Two Concepts under Full Consciousness

Answer 44

1. Flow State 2. Mindfulness

Question 45

This happens when a person is deeply focused on an activity they enjoy and do well.

Answer 45

Flow State