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Endo/Repro Midterm > Intro DSA > Flashcards

Intro DSA Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the endocrine system

A

Regulates multiple organs within the body to meet growth and reproduction demands

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2
Q

Endocrine glands (10)

A 
Hypothalamus 
Anterior and posterior pituitary
Thyroid 
Parathyroid 
Adrenal cortex 
Adrenal medulla 
Gonads 
Endocrine pancreas 
Placenta
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3
Q

Hormones of the hypothalamus

A 
TRH - thyroptropin-releasing hormone 
CRH - Corticotropin releasing hormone 
GnRH - gonadotropin-releasing hormone 
Somatostatin 
Dopamine
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4
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A 
TSH - Thyroid stimulating hormone 
FSH - follicle stimulating hormone 
LH - Luteinizing hormone 
ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone 
MSH - melanocyte-stimulating hormone 
Growth hormone 
Prolactin
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5
Q

Posterior pituitary hormone

A

ADH - anti-diuretic hormone

Oxytocin

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6
Q

Pancreas hormones

A

Insulin

Glucagon

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7
Q

Adrenal medulla hormones

A

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

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8
Q

Kidney hormones

A

Renin

1, 15 - dihydroxycholecalciferol

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9
Q

Adrenal cortex hormones

A

Cortisol
Aldosterone
Adrenal androgens

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10
Q

Corpus luteum hormones

A

Estradiol

Progesterone

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11
Q

Placental hormones

A

HCG - human horionic gonadotropin
Estriol
Progesterone
HPL - human placental lactogen

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12
Q

Three general classes of hormones

A

Proteins and peptides
Amines
Steroids

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13
Q

Protein and peptide hormones are stored in _______ until needed
Polypeptides with > 100 aa are ______
Polypeptides with <100 aa are _______
_______-soluble

A

Stored in vesicles until needed
>100 are proteins
<100 are peptides
Water soluble

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14
Q

Protein and peptide hormones are usually synthesized as ___________ that are modified in the ____ and packaged in the ______

A

Synthesized as preprohormones
Modified in the ER
Packaged in the golgi

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15
Q

Cholesterol comes from what two sources for steroid hormone synthesis

A

80% comes from LDL particles through receptor mediated endocytosis
20% comes from de novo synthesis from Acetyl coenzyme A

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16
Q

Amine hormones are derived from what AA

A

Tyrosine

17
Q

Two groups of amine hormones and their site of synthesis

A

Catecholamines —> cytosol and secretory granules

Thyroid —> thyroid gland and stored as thyroglobullin in follicles within the gland

18
Q

Catecholamine receptor location

A

Cell-membrane associated receptor

19
Q

Thyroid hormone receptor location

A

Cross cell membrane and act through nuclear receptors

20
Q

Examples of catecholamines

A

L-DOPA
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine

21
Q

What type of hormones are cleared the quickest? Slowest?

A

Quickest - proteins

Slowest - thyroid hormones

22
Q

TRH hormone from the ______ stimulates what actions

A

TRH comes from the hypothalamus Stimulates secretion of TSH and prolactin

23
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone from the ______ causes secretion of what hormone

A

Hypothalamus

ACTH

24
Q

Gonadotyropin releasing hormone from the _______ prompts the secretion of ___ and _____

A

Hypothalamus

LH and FSH

25
Q

Somatostatin or somatotropin release-inhibiting hormone prompts what action

A

Inhibits secretion of growth hormone

Comes from the hypothalamus

26
Q

Dopamine or prolactin-inhibiting factor from the hypothalamus is what class of hormone and has what action

A

Amine

Inhibits secretion of prolactin

27
Q

Secretion of hormones can be modulate by what two routes

A

Neural mechanism - neural input to an endocrine cell increases or decreases hormonal secretion
Feedback mechanism - more common, some element of the physiological response feeds back on the endocrine gland and changes secretion rate

28
Q

Examples of positive feedback mechanisms in hormone regulation

A

Menstrual cycle - increase estrogen levels in blood to stimulate FSH and LH release from AP —> further increases estrogen levels leading to ovulation

Delivery of fetus: oxytocin stimulates and enhances labor contractions

29
Q

Describe a long-loop feedback

A

Hormone released from 3d tier (peripheral endocrine gland) feeds back all the way to 1st tier (hypothalamus) and second tier (pituitary)

30
Q

Describe the short loop feedback mechanism

A

Hormone secreted from the 2nd tier feed back to the first

31
Q

Describe the ultra short loop feedback mechanism

A

Gland inhibits its own secretion

32
Q

Three endocrine axes

A

HPA - hypothalamus - pituitary. Adrenal
HPT - hypothalamus - pituitary - thyroid
HPG - hypothalamus - pituitary - gonads

33
Q

First tier of endocrine axes is highly regulated by ______

A

Neural inputs

34
Q

Major inputs to the first tier fo endocrine axes

A

SCN - suprachiasmatic nucleus - impose a circadian rhythm on the secretion of hypothalamic releasing hormones and endocrine axes
Pineal gland - releases melatonin which feeds back info to SCN about day—night

35
Q

Responsiveness to a hormone depends on two things:

A

Number of receptors

Affinity of receptors

Endo/Repro Midterm (6 decks)

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