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Endo/Repro Midterm > Endocrine Physiology Costanzo notes > Flashcards

Endocrine Physiology Costanzo notes Flashcards

1
Q

classic endocrine glands

A 
hypothalamus 
anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary 
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal cortex 
adrenal medulla
gonads
placenta
pancreas
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2
Q

the signal peptide of a hormone is removed in the _____, converting the preprohomrone to a prohormone

A

signal peptide cleaved in the ER

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3
Q

prohormones are packaged into secretory vesicles in the ______ _____ where they are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes to produce the final hormone
glycosylation and phosphorylation also occur here in this organelle

A

golgi apparatus

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4
Q

the adrenal cortex, gonads, corpus luteum and placental all secrete what type of hormone

A

steroid hormones

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5
Q

all steroid hormones are derivatives of what molecule

A

cholesterol

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6
Q

catecholamines are examples of what kind of hormones

A

amine hormones

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7
Q

the amine hormones include:

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine

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8
Q

amine hormones are derivatives of what AA

A

tyrosine

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9
Q

feedback loop in which the hormone feeds back to the hypothalamic pituitary axis

A

long-loop feedback

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10
Q

feedback loop where anterior pituitary hormone feeds back to the hypothalamus to prohibit the secretion of the hypothalamic releasing hormone

A

short loop feedback

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11
Q

feedback loop where the hypothalamic hormone inhibits its own secretion

A

ultra-short loop feedback

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12
Q

ways to change the responsiveness of a tissue to a hormone

A

number of receptors

affinity of receptors

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13
Q

hormone concentration that produces 50% of maximal response

A

sensitivity

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14
Q

describe the function of GRFs

A

guanosine nucleotide releasing factors
dissociate GDP so GTP can bind

ACTIVATE

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15
Q

describe the function of GAPs

A

GTPase activating factors
facilitate hydrolysis of GTP

INHIBIT

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16
Q

hormones that utilize tyrosine kinase mechanisms for their MoA

A

insulin
IGF-1
growth hormone
prolactin

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17
Q

hormones that utilize adenylate cyclase for their MoA

A 
ACTH
LH
FSH
TSH
ADH
HCG
MSH
CRH 
Calcitonin 
PTH 
glucagon
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18
Q

hormones that utilize pohosphlipase C for their MoA

A 
GnRH 
TRH
GHRH 
Angiotensin II 
ADH
Oxytocin 
Alpha1 recpetor
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19
Q

steroid hormones that pass the plasma membrane include

A 
glucocorticoids 
estrogen
progesterone
testosterone
Aldosterone 
vitD
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20
Q

cGMP utilizing hormones

A

ANP

NO

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21
Q

G protein associated with phospholipase C

A

Gq protein

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22
Q

phospholipase c mechanisms induce what ion increase in the cell .

A

Ca

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23
Q

in monomoeric type RTKs, binding of ligand to EC domain results in _______ of the receptor, activating ______ tyrosine kinase, and phosphorylation of what

A

results in dimerization of the receptor
activation of intrinsic tyrosine kinase
phosphorylation of tyrosine on itself and otherp toeins

NGF and EGF

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24
Q

steroid receptor proteins are located hwere in a cell

A

in the cytosol or nucleus

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25
Q

the c domain among steroid hormone receptors has what binding ability

A

two zinc fingers responsible for DNA binding

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26
Q

zinc fingers bind to what DNA elements

A

steroid responsive elements

SREs

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27
Q

hormone-hormone receptor complexes have the ability to do what

A

regulate the rate of transcription

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28
Q

the posterior lobe of the pituitary is derived from what kind of tissue

A

neural tissue

neurohypophysis

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29
Q

secretory products of the posterior pituitary

A

ADH

Oxytocin

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30
Q

As ADH and oxytocin are secreted by nerve axons located in the posterior pituitary, they are considered what type of molecule

A

neuropeptides

31
Q

the supraoptic nucleus secretes what neuropeptide from the posterior pituitary

A

ADH

32
Q

the paraventricular nucleus secretes what neuropeptide from the posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin

33
Q

pneumonic for remembering what nuclei ADH and oxytocin are secreted from

A

AS/OP

like aesops fables

34
Q

the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is derived from what embryonic structure

A

primitive foregut

35
Q

what six peptide hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete

A 
LH
FSH
ACTH
Prolactin 
TSH 
GH
36
Q

the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary are directly linked via what portal system

A

hypothalamic-hypophysial portal blood vessels

37
Q

which hypophysial portal vessels deliver hypothalamic venous blood to the anterior lobe of the pituitary

A

long hypophyseal portal vessels

38
Q

which hypophysial portal vessels deliver blood to the anterior pituitary

A

short hypophyseal portal vessels

39
Q

implications of the hypophysial portal system are that hypothalamic hormones can be delivered in ____ _____ directly to the AP, and hypothalamic hormones will not appear in _______ _______

A

delivered in high concentrations to AP

do not appear in high concentrations in systemic circulation

40
Q

glyoproteins of the AP

A

TSH
FSH
LH

41
Q

the ____ SU of TSH, FSH, and LH are identical and the ____ SU determine their specificity

A

alpha

beta

42
Q

ACTH is derived from what molecule

A

POMC (pro-opiomelanocreotin)

43
Q

derivatives of POMC

A

ACTH
gamma and beta lipotropin
beta endomorphin
MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone)

44
Q

synthesis of growth hormone is directed by what hypothalamic releasing hormone

A

GHRH

45
Q

factors that stimulate the release of GH

A 
decreased glucose, FA, concentration 
arginine 
fasting or starvation 
hormones of puberty 
exercies
stress
46
Q

factors that inhibit the release of GH

A 
increased glucose concentration 
increased FA concentration
Obesity 
senescence 
somatostatin
somatomedins
growth hormone 
pregnancy
47
Q

GHRH functions through which secondary messenger system

A

BOTH
adenylyl cyclase/cAMP and
PLC/Ca2+

48
Q

how does somatostatin inhibit secretion of GH

A

blocks action of GHRH on the somatotroph

binds its own membrane receptor, which is linked to a Gi protein that inhibits generation of cAMP

49
Q

how do somatomedins inhibit GH secretion

A

somatomedins are byproducts of GH action on target tissues and they inhibit secretion of GH by the anterior pituitary and also indirectly inhibit GH by stimulating somatostatin release

50
Q

direct actions of GH are mediated by what receptor

A

tyrosine kinase associated receptor

51
Q

indirect actions of GH are mediated by what molecule

A

production of somatomedins in the liver
most important == IGF-1
that act on IGF receptors (contain intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity)

52
Q

Somatomedins act on target tissues through IGF receptors that are similar to the insulin receptor, in that this class of receptors has what intrinsic ability?

A

Intrinsic tyrosine kinase ability

53
Q

Describe the diabetogenic effect of growth hormone

A

Causes insulin resistance - decreases glucose uptake and utilization by target tissues such as uncle and adipose tissue

Growth hormone causes an increase in blood insulin levels

54
Q

3 actions of growth hormone

A

Diabetogenic or anti-insulin effect
Increased protein synthesis and organ growth
Increased linear growth

55
Q

Increased linear growth performed by GH is mediated by what molecule

A

Somatomedins

56
Q

In ______ dwarfism, growth hormone receptors are defective; thus GH cannot cause production of IGFs in target tissues

A

Laron

57
Q

Conditions with excess secretion of growth hormone are treated with analogues of what endogenous molecule

A

Somatotin analogues like ocreotide

58
Q

The hypothalamus stimulates lactotropes in the AP with _______, but no lactation occurs without suppression of tonic ________ expression.

A

Stimulates with TH

Tonic Dopaine expression

59
Q

Sources of dopamine in the AP

A

1) dopaminergic neurons in the hypothalamus that secrete into the median eminence and drain into the AP
2) dopaminergic neurons of the posterior pituitary
3) nonlactotroph cells of the AP secrete a small amount

60
Q

Stimulatory factors of prolactin secretion

A 
Pregnancy 
Breast feeding
Sleep 
Stress
TRH 
Dopamine antagonists
61
Q

Inhibitory factors of prolactin secretion

A

Dopamine
Bromocriptine
Somatostatin
Prolactin

62
Q

Describe the effects of bromocriptine on lactotropes

A

Bromocriptine inhibits prolactin secretion through its action as a dopamine agonist

63
Q

Ovulation is inhibited by prolactin by what mechanism

A

Prolactin inhibits ovulation by inhibiting synthesis and release of GnRH

Accounts for decreased fertility during breast feeding

64
Q

Prolactin excess can be caused by ______ of the hypothalamus or interruption of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract or prolactinomas

A

Destruction

Increased prolactin secretion occurs because of the loss of tonic inhibition by dopamine

65
Q

ADH is secreted by the _______ pituitary in response to a ____ in serum osmolarity
It acts on the _______ cells of the ______ tubule and collecting duct to increase water reabsorption

A

Posterior pituitary in response to an increase in osmolarity

Acts on principle cells of distal tubule and CD

66
Q

Factors stimulating the release of ADH

A

Increased serum osmolarity
Decreased ECF
Angiotensin II
Pain/nausea/hypoglycemia/nicotine/opiates/antineoplastic drugs

67
Q

Inhibitory factors of ADH secretion

A

Decreased serum osmolarity
Ethanol
Alpha-adrenergic agonists
ANP

68
Q

ADH secretion in response to increased serum osmolarity is prompted by osmoreceptors in what part of the brain

A

Anterior hypothalamus

69
Q

Failure of the posterior pituitary to secrete ADH

A

Central diabetes insipidus

70
Q

Principal cells of the collecting duct are unresponsive to ADH due to a defect in the V2 receptor, Gs protein, AC

A

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

71
Q

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus can be treated with administration of what type of diuretic

A

Thiazides

They nhibit Na reabsorption in the early distal tubule , inhibiting dilution of urine

72
Q

Actions of oxytocin

A

Milk ejection

Uterine contraction

73
Q

Stimulatory factors for oxytocin secretion

A

Suckling
Sight sound smell of an infant
Dilation of cervix
Orgasm

74
Q

Inhibitory factors for oxytocin

A

Opioids

Endo/Repro Midterm (6 decks)

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