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Endo/Repro Midterm > Hypothalamic-Pituitary Relationships > Flashcards

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Relationships Flashcards

1
Q

communications between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary are both ___ and ____

A

neural and hormonal

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2
Q

endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary can secrete what hormones

A 
ACTH
TSH
FSH
LH
GH
Prolactin
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3
Q

anterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus by what portal system

A

hypophysial portal system

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4
Q

the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system makes what possible

A

direct hormone delivery to the anterior pituitary

also prevents hypothalamic hormones from appearing in the circulation in high concentrations

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5
Q

as opposed to the connection of the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus, the connection with the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus only contains _____ connections

A

neural connections

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6
Q

the posterior pituitary is a collection of ______, whose cell bodies reside in the hypothalamus

A

collection of axons

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7
Q

posterior pituitary secretes what hormones into circulation

A

ADH

oxytocin

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8
Q

posterior pituitary contains axons from what nerve populations within the hypothalamus

A

supraoptic nucleus

paraventricular nucleus

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9
Q

tertiary endocrine diseases involve the

A

hypothalamus

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10
Q

secondary endocrine diseases involve the

A

pituitary

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11
Q

primary endocrine diseases involve the

A

peripheral glands

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12
Q

trh from the hypothalamus induces secretion of what substance from what cells in the AP

A

TSH from thyrotrophs

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13
Q

Nerves from the hypothalamus synapse on vascular beds in the ______ ______ to signal the endocrine cells in the _________ _______

A

Median eminence

Anterior pituitary

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14
Q

Tumors of the pituitary may manifest as what clinical symptoms

A

Loss of eyesight/changes in vision

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15
Q

Supraoptic neurons release what neuropeptide

A

ADH

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16
Q

Paraventricular neurons secrete what neuropeptide into the posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin

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17
Q

Hypothalamic neurons secrete at a set rate in _____ patterns that are associated with ______ rhythms

A

Pulsatile pattern

Circadian rhythms

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18
Q

Growth hormone is produced by what cells in the ________

A

Somatotropes in the anterior pituitary

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19
Q

The receptor for growth hormone is of what type

A

JAK-STAT signaling cascade

20
Q

Growth hormone can be inhibited by
1)
and
2)

A

Somatostatin

IGF-1

21
Q

What factors stimulate GH

A

Fasting/hunger/starvation
Hypoglycemia

Lesser things 
Hormones of puberty 
Exercise 
Sleep 
Stress
22
Q

Functions of GH

  1. Growth
  2. ______ -________
  3. __________
A

Growth by hypertrophy
Cell reproduction (hyperplasia = increasing number of cells or proliferation rate)
Metabolism
Increases glycogen and fat breakdown for energy/increases protein synthesis

23
Q

Indirect actions of IGF

A

Trophic function
Signals liver to produce IGF
IGF targets almost every cell in the body to grow and divide

24
Q

Excessive growth hormone before closure of bone epiphyseal

A

Gigantism

25
Q

Excessive growth hormone after closure of bone epiphyseal

A

Acromegaly

26
Q

Failure to suppress GH production in response to an oral load of glucose is a sensitive test for

A

Acromegaly

27
Q

Metabolic functions of GH

A

Diabetogenic effect (increase in blood glucose) causing insulin resistance
Increased protein synthesis and organ growth
Increased linear growth

28
Q

Lactotropes, when stimulated by the hypothalamus secretes what hormone

A

Prolactin

29
Q

Prolactin is typically inhibited by what signal in the brain

A

Hypothalamic dopamine inhibits prolactin secretion

30
Q

Prolactin suppresses what other hormones

A

suppresses GnRH
Inhibiting release of LH and FSH
Decreases reproductive function and suppresses sexual drive

31
Q

Factors that stimulate PRL secretion

A 
Pregnancy
Breast-feeding
Sleep
Stress
TRH
32
Q

Factors inhabiting PRL secretion

A

Dopamine
Dopamine agonists
Somatostatin
Prolactin via negative feedback

33
Q

Gonadotropes secrete what hormones

A

FSH and LH

34
Q

FSH and LH, released by the gonadotropes promote secretion of what hormones by the AP

A

Females: estrogen/progesterone
Males: testosterone

35
Q

Factors that can inhibit release of GnRH (and therefore LH and FSH) e

A

Extreme energy deficits
Extreme exercise
Depression
Hyperprolactinemia

36
Q

Hyperprolactinemia can inhibit what hormone secretion

A

LH and FSH

Because prolactin suppresses GnRH

37
Q

Causes of hypopituitarism

A

Brain damage
Tumors

Non-pituitary tumors 
Infections
Infarction
Autoimmune disorders 
Pituitary hypoplasia/aphasia 
Genetic disorders
38
Q

3 Ps of diabetes insipidus

A

Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia

39
Q

Diabetes insipidus is related to what hormone

A

ADH

deficient secretion or renal insensitivity

40
Q

ADH deficiency will result in urine that is ____

A

Super dilute

ADH controls permeability of collecting ducts to water

41
Q

Characteristics of SIADH

A

Excessive ADH secretion
Excessive water retention
Hypoosmolarity fails to inhibit ADH release

42
Q

Actions of oxytocin

A

Milk ejection

Uterine contraction

43
Q

What is milk letdown

A

Stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells lining milk ducts
Stimulated by sucking, sight/sound/smell of an infant

44
Q

Prolactin stimulates production of breast milk, whereas oxytocin stimulates

A

Contraction of myoepithelial cells lining milk ducts

45
Q

In addition to milk ejection, oxytocin performs what action

A

Uterine contraction
Pitocin induces labor

Stimulated by dilation of cervix/orgasm

Endo/Repro Midterm (6 decks)

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