Intro Chapters 1,2 Flashcards
What is the study of how the body works, from molecular mechanisms within cells to the actions fo tissues, organs and systems, and how the organism as a whole accomplishes particular tasks essnetial for life?
Physiology
Is a theory a simple conjecture?
No, they are statements about the natural world that incorporate a number of proven hypotheses.
What is the null hypothesis?
A hypothesis counter to an “experimental hypothesis” - stating that differences found in an experiment between the control group and the experimental gorup are due to chance.
What is a reaction that causes a decrease in function? Or, it causes the output of the system to be lessened?
Negative Feedback Loop
What is an action of effectors that amplifies the changes that stimulated the effectors of a system?
Positive Feedback Loop
What are the 2 general categories of regulatory mechanisms controlling homeostasis?
Intrinsic: built into the organs being regulated (such as molecules produced in the walls of blood vessels that cuase vessel dilation or constriction.
Extrinsic: as in regulatoion of an organ by the nerbous and endocrine systems
Regulation by the endocrine system is achieved by the secretion of chemical regulatros called:
hormones
Where is insulin secreted from?
Pancreatic islets, or islets of Langerhans
What hormone is released when blood glucose rises and which hormone is released when blood glucose falls? What is a brief descriptions of what they do?
Blood Glucose rises: Insulin is released. Causes the cells to uptake more glucose, causing blood glucose to fall
Blood glucose Falls: Glucagon is released. Causes process in the liver to breakdown glycogen and release into the blood stream to increase blood glucose.
What are the 4 types of tissue?
Epithelial
Muscle
Connective
Nervous
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Which 2 types of muscle tissues have striations?
Skeletal and Cardiac
What are the special areas of contact between adjacent cardiac muscles?
Interacalated discs
Where are places smooth muscle is found?
digestive tract
blood vessels
bronchioles
ducts of urinary and reproductive systems
This coordnated wavelike contraction of the circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers that allows smooth muscle to push something through the lumen?
Peristalsis
What 2 “forms” do epithelial tissues take?
Membranes and Glands
Specialized unicellular glands dispersed among columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus?
goblet cells
These hairlike structures can move in a coordinated fashion to aid in the function of organs like the respiratory passage or uterine tubes of female:
cilia
What are basement membranes, and what are they mainly consisted of?
Basement membrane - protiens and polysaccharides attached to the connective tissues that connects the epithelial layer to the connective tissues
Made primarily of collagen.
Examples of Exocrine glands:
Lacrimal glands: Tears
Sebaceous glands: oil for hair
Sweat galnds: Eccrine - normal sweat, and Apocrine - located in armpits and pubic area
All of the glands that secrete into the difestrive tract
Liver and Pancrease (exocrine and Endocrine)
Sexual parts (exocrine and Endocrine)
What are the 4 types of connective tissues?
Connective Tissue Proper
Blood
Carilage
Bone
What are the 3 types of Proper Connective Tissue?
Loose connective Tissue: protein fivers composed of collagen are scattered loosely in the ground substance (Dermis of skin)
Dense Regular: collagenous fibers are oriented parallel to each other and densely packed in teh extracellular matrix. Ex: Tendons (bone-bone) and Ligaments (bone-muscle)
Dense irregular: forming tough capsules and sheaths around organs containing densely packed collagenous fibers arranged in various orientations that resist forces applied from different directions.
Type of cartilage cell?
Chondrocyte - imparts elastic properties to teh tissue. Supportive and protective tissue.
What are the different bone cells and structure?
Lamellae - conscentric layers of bone around the blood vessel
Bone forming cell - osteoblast
Cavity trapping an osteoblast - lacuna
Trapped osteoblast (that probably eats away at bone also) - osteocyte
Lifeline that extends from the cell to the blood vessel - canaliculi
This whole unit of bone structure (everything above!) - haversion system or osteon
What are the 3 embryonic tissue layers?
Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm
2/3 of the body’s water weight is found in which compartment, intracellular or extracellular?
Intracellular
What is a proton donor?
What is a proton acceptor?
Donor - Acid
Acceptor - base
Which two molecules usually maintain blood pressure homeostasis?
Bicarbonate (HC03)
Carbonic Acid (H2CO3)
What is it called when blood pH falls below 7.35, What is it called whne blood pH rises above pH 7.45?
Acidosis
Alkalosis
What are the common Disaccharides?
Sucrose: Glucose and fructose
Lactose: Glucose and galactose
Maltose: Glucose-Glucose
4 types of polysaccharides of repeating glucose
Starch - found in plants
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin - exoskeleton of arthropods
Why can humans digest glycogen but not Cellulose?
Glycogen is formed through a chain of glucose molecules linked through alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds. We have enzymes that can break this down.
However, cellulose is formed through a chain of glucose molecules linked through beta-1,4 glycosidic linkes. Cows, horses, and sheep can break this down.
What type of reaction is a glycodic linkage?
Dehydration (condensation) reaction. Water is lost (H2O)
- A hydration is removed from 1 monosaccharide and a Hydroxy (-OH) is removed the other one.
- Reverse is a Hydrolysis - water molecule is split to seperate the 2 monosaccs
What 4 molecules create a triglyceride?
- 1 glycerol (3 carbon alcohol)
- 3 molecules of fatty acids
Trans Fats lower what types of cholesterol?
HDL Cholesterol (Good kind),
(But they raise LDL Cholesterol, the bad kind)
Which type of bond forms from glycerol and fatty acid dehydration?
Ester bond
A rapid breakdown of fat cells can lead to what? (Can be found in urine)
Ketone bodies - usually formed from the rapid breakdown of fats (Low carb diet and uncrotlled diabetes)
Which type of molecule has a glycerol bound to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate (which is then attached to something else usually)?
Phospholipid
Being amphipathic means…?
You’re part polar and part nonpolar.
Which bond if formed from a dehydration reaction connecting The N-terminal (Amino) and the C-terminal (Carboxyl) of 2 molecules?
Peptide bond
What type of bonding forms the secondary structures of proteins? What are the 2 possible types of secondary structure?
- hydrogen bonding
- Alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
What type of bonding forms the tertiary structure of proteins?
Several weak bonding - hydrogen, ionic, Van Der Waals
What type of bonding forms the quaternary structure of proteins?
Covalent bonding - between mulitple polypeptide chains.
What are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases?
- Pyrimidine - 1 ring
- Cytosine and Thymine
- Purine - 2 rings
- Guanin adenine
How many hydrogen bonds can form between Guanine and Cytosine
How many hydrogen bonds can form between Adenin and Thymine
3 Bonds
2 Bonds
