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Bio 465 - Physio > Chapter 9 - Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

T/F - Somatic Motor Neurons send impulses away from the CNS to a smooth muscles

A

False - Somatic motor neurons sen impulses away from the CNS to a voluntary muscle

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2
Q

Where can you find a somatic motor neurons cell body?

A

CNS

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3
Q

Autonomic motor neurons are composed of 2 neurons. Where is the first neurons cell body located, and what is this neuron called?

A

1) gray matter of Brain/Spinal Cord
2) preganglionic Neuron

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4
Q

What is the second neuron in an autonomic motor neuron called?

A

Postganglionic Neuron

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5
Q

Where are the 3 areas that preganglionic neurons originate from?

A

Midbrain

Hindbrain

Upper thoracic to the fourth sacral levels of spinal cord

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6
Q

Where are autonomic ganglia found in the body?

A
  1. Chains on the right and left of the spinal cord
  2. head
  3. neck
  4. abdomen
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7
Q

How do skeletal muscles undergo denervation hypersensitivity?

A
  • Skeletal muscles do not undergo denervation hypersensitivity. Smooth muscles do!
    • It is when a smooth muscle gets denervated, it actuals stays toned and functions. In fact it is more sensitive than normal to stimulating agents.
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8
Q

T/F - Without innervation, smooth muscles and the heart would stop and kill the person…

A
  • False - the muscles can contract rhythmically in response to electrical waves of depolarization caused by the cells themselves.
    • Autonomic innervation simply increases or decreases this intrinsic activity
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9
Q

1 function of the Vagus nerve is to supply inhibitory fibers to the heart…what if the Vagus nerves activity is increased?

A

The heart beat will slow sense more inhibitory fibers will be activated.

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10
Q

The thorocolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system is also called….

A

Sympathetic Division

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11
Q

Where exactly do the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division exit the spinal cord?

A

Ventral Roots from the first Thoracic (T1) - to the seoncd Lumbar (L2)

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12
Q

Where are the sympathetic ganglia found? What are these ganglions name?

A
  • Located on either side of the spinal cord - interconnected forming a sympathetic chain of ganglia that parallels the spinal cord on each lateral side
  • paravertebral ganglia
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13
Q

Sympathetic Postganglionic neurons follow spinal nerves for what purpose?

A

To innervate blood vessels and other involuntary effectors aournd muscles and kin.

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14
Q

What is another name for the unmyelinated postganglionic neurons?

A

gray rami communicantes

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15
Q

Preganglionic fibers that exit the spinal cord, but do not synapse with sympathetic ganglia form what type of nerve?

A

Splanchnic nerves

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16
Q

Splanchnic nerves synapse in [] or [] ganglia. Name these 3 ganglia -

A
  1. Collateral or prevertebral
  2. Celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric
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17
Q

What do postganglionic fibers arising from collateral ganglia innervate?

A

Organs of digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems

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18
Q

Why is the adrenal medulla consider part of the “sympathoadrenal system?”

A
  • The adrenal medulla acts almost like a sympathetic ganglion in that it is innervated by preganglionic sympathetic fibers
  • The adrenal medulla also secrete epinephrine which is complementary to norepinephrine - which is released from post ganglionic sympathetic nerve endings.
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19
Q

This nervous system divsion is named [] because its preganglionic fibers originate in the midbrain, pons, and medulla, as well as the 2nd - 4th sacral levels of spinal column…..

A

Craniosacral division - parasympathetic division

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20
Q

Where do the cranialsacral neurons synapse with their ganglia?

A
  • The parasympathetich ganglia are located right next to - or actually within - the organs innervated
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21
Q

What neuron innervates the effector organ/cell in the parasympathetic division?

A

The terminal ganglia synapse with effector cells

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22
Q

Which Cranial Nerves are mixed nerves (both sensory axons and parasympathetic motor axons)?

A

IX (glossopharyngeal and X (Vagus)

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23
Q

The Vagus nerve synapses with ganglia outside of the head - name some of the locations that these terminal ganaglia reside…..(there are alot)

A
  • Lungs
  • Heart
  • Liver and gallbladder
  • spleen
  • Stomach
  • Pancreas
  • Large Intestine
  • Small Intestine
  • Adrenal Gland and Kidney
24
Q

Where do parasympathetic pregagnlionic fibers from teh sacral level of the spinal cord innervate?

A
  • Lower half of large intestine
  • Rectum
  • Urinary and reproductive system
25
Q

Why are somatic motor neurons only activated during fight-or-flight situations?

A
  • They aren’t. Sympathetic neurons are continually firing…or they are in a tonic state.
26
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of all preganglionic axons, both sympathetic and parasympathetic?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

27
Q

Cholinergic synapses can be found where?

A
  1. All preganglionic synapse
  2. Some parasympathetic postganglionic synapses and thei effector cell
28
Q

Most sympathetic postganglionic synapses are adrenergic. Which neurotransmitter do they use?

A

Norepinephrine

29
Q

What is a “synapses en passant?”

A
  • When autonomic psotganglionic neurons enter an organ, they have a bunch of swellings, varicosities, that contain neurotransmitters.
  • The swelling are considered the synapse in passant, since since the neurotransmitters can be released along the length of an axon instead of only at the terminal portion.
30
Q

Adrenergic stimulation - by epinephrine in the blood and by norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerve ending - has both [] and [] effects?

A

Excitatory and inhibitory - depending on the organ and the receptor proteins.

31
Q

What are the 4 “known” adrenergic receptor proteins?

A

Alpha 1

Alpha 2

Beta 1

Beta 2

32
Q

How do all subtypes of the Beta adrenergic receptors produce their effects?

A

Stimulate the production of cAMP within the target cell.

33
Q

The most medically important alphat 2-adrenergic receptor is found where, and what stimualtes it to lower blood pressure by activation of sympathoadrenal system?

A

Found in the brain

Stimulate by the drug - clonidine

34
Q

Vasoconstricter effect of sympathetic nerves always results from the acitvation of [] [] receptors

A

Alpha-adrenergic receptors

35
Q

The effect of beta-adrenergic activation is more diverse…what are some effects?

A

relaxation of smooth muscles (in digestive tract, bronchioles, and uterus)

Increase force of contraction of cardiac muscle and icreased cardiac rate.

36
Q

The alpha-adrenergic receptors are more sensitive to…[] ?

A

norepinephrine

37
Q

The beta-adrenergic receptors are more sensitive to… [] ?

A

epinephrine relesed from adrenal medulla into blood

38
Q

What can happen if you stimulate an alpha 1 -adrenergic receptor?

A

vasoconstriction in viscera and skin

39
Q

What can happen if you stimulate a Beta 1 - adrenergic receptor?

A

Increased heart rate and contractility

40
Q

What can happen if you stimulate a Beta 2 - adrenergic receptor?

A

dilation of bronchioles and blood vessels.

41
Q

What do the following use as their neurotransmitter?

  • somatic motor neurons
  • All preganglionic neurons
  • most postganglionic parasympathtetic neurons
A

Acetlycholine - they are cholinergic

42
Q

The effects of parasympathetic innervation are [] to the effects of sympathetic innervation

A

opposite

43
Q

Nme three places you can find nicotinic cholinergic receptors?

A
  • CNS
  • Neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle
  • Autonomic ganglia
44
Q

These receptors are stimulated by ACh releseased by postganglionic parasympathetic axons to produce a parasympathetic effect.

A

Muscarinic Receptors

45
Q
  1. This drug blocks the nicotinic ACh receptors
  2. This drug blocks the muscarinic ACh receptors
A

Curare

Atropine

46
Q

Why are nicotinic receptors always excitatory?

A
  • They always open a Na/K cotransport channel. The sodium gradient is steeper so the net charge is a (+) going inside the cell = depolarization
47
Q

Which organs do Muscarainic cholinergic receptors produce parasympathetic nerve effects in?

A

Heart

Smooth Muscle

Glands

48
Q

What “neurotransmitter” - adrenergic or cholinergic - causes the penis to erect?

A
  • It does not invovle cholinergic or adrenergic receptors because it is caused by NO , Nitric Oxide. It causes smooth muscle of the dick to relax and cause dilation of blood vessels = erection!
49
Q

What is the best example for antagonist dual intervention using the autonomic system?

A
  • Pacemaker cells in the heart
    • The adrenergic stimulation from sympathetic fibers increases heart rate
    • The cholinergic stimulation from parasympathetic fibers decreases heart rate
50
Q

The effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on salivary gland secretion are []?

A

complementary

51
Q

How is the salivary gland activity controlled by complementary innervation?

A
  • parasympathetic innervation stimulates a watery saliva
  • Sympathetic stimulation constricts blood vessesl thoughout the digestive trac

This leads to a decrease in blood flow to the salivary glands and causes the production of a thicker, more viscous saliva.

52
Q

What are the 5 organs that do not receive dual innervation from ANS - only receive sympathetic stimulation?

A
  1. Blood Vessels
  2. Sweat Glands in skin
  3. Adrenal Medulla
  4. Arrector pili muscles in skin
  5. Salivary Glands
53
Q

This receptor inhibits adenylcyclase to decrease [] levels. This receptor is really only found in 1 place and produces [] inhibition

A

cAMP

Presynaptic Inhibition

54
Q

T/F - the sweat glands respond to adrenergic stimulation?

A

False - they respond to cholinergic stimulation

55
Q

A Fall in cyclic AMP within the target cell occurs when norepinephrine binds to which of adrenergic receptor?

A

Alpha 2

Bio 465 - Physio (16 decks)

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