INTRO - Bones, joints, & muscle

Question 1

Accessory bones

Answer 1

additional ossification centers appear and form extra bones. If a bone has multiple ossification centers, the bone may not fuse creating accessory bone. Common in foot.

Question 2

Heterotropic bones

Answer 2

Bones that form in soft tissue where normally not present

Question 3

Bone trauma: Reduction of fracture

Answer 3

1) Broken ends brought closer together 2) Surrounding fibroblasts proliferate and secrete collagen, which forms a collar of callus to hold bones together

Question 4

Greenstick fractures

Answer 4

Incomplete breaks caused by bending the bones

Question 5

Osteoporosis

Answer 5

Reduction in the quantity of bone or atrophy of skeletal tissue. Organic and inorganic components of bone decrease.

Question 6

Sternal puncture

Answer 6

Sternum commonly used for harvesting bone marrow. Puncture thin cortical bone of sternum and access spongy bone below. Red bone marrow aspirated. Bone marrow transplant sometimes used in treatment of leukemia.

Question 7

Bone growth and assessment of bone age

Answer 7

Main criteria:

1) Appearance of calcified material in the epiphysis and/or diaphysis
2) Disappearance of the radiolucent (dark) line representing the epiphyseal plate

Question 8

Avascular necrosis

Answer 8

death of bone w/o arterial supply

Question 9

Osteochondroses

Answer 9

Disorders of epiphysis from vascular necrosis of UNKNOWN EITIOLOGY

Question 10

Newborn cranium joints

Answer 10

Suture form wide areas of fibrous tissue called FONTANELLES where bones of newborn don’t make full contact. Bulging = increased cranial pressure, Pulsing = reflects pulse, Depressed = dehydrated

Question 11

Arthroscopy

Answer 11

Insert cannula and an arthroscope into joint = small incision, faster healing

Question 12

Muscle elongation and “pulling”

Answer 12

Muscles cannot extend 1/3 beyond their normal length w/o damage. Hamstring is often pulled because it is as full length when knee extended but hip joint is not fully flexed.

Question 13

Growth and regeneration of skeletal muscle

Answer 13

• Skeletal muscle cannot divide
• Can be replaced individually by satellite cells
• If damage extreme repair muscle is disorganized mix of muscle and fibrous scar tissue.
• Hypertrophy (cells grow bigger) when worked
• No hyperplasia (increase in number)

Question 14

Hypertrophy of the myocardium

Answer 14

• No satellite cells in cardiac muscle fibers

- No replacing cells that die/are damaged

Question 15

Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of smooth muscle

Answer 15

• Can undergo hyperplasia (ex uterine wall during preg)

- Incompletely differentiated cells (pericytes) along small blood vessels can develop new smooth muscle cells

Question 16

Compensatory hypertrophy

Answer 16

Myocardium increases in size (hypertrophy) due to increased demands