Deep back

Question 1

Vertebral Body Osteoporosis

Answer 1

• Metabolic bone disease
• Loss of horizontal trabeculae
• thickening of struts
• Prominent cortical bone (relative to thinned trabecular)

Question 2

Laminectomy

Answer 2

• Excision of spinal processes

- Relieve pressure of nerve/root

Question 3

Dislocation of cervical vertebrae

Answer 3

• Horizontally oriented articular facets

- Large vertebral canal - dislocation w/o sc dammage

Question 4

Fracture and dislocation of atlas

Answer 4

• vertical forces
• Lateral masses forced apart
• post and/or ant arches broken

Question 5

Facet jumping

Answer 5

locking of displaced articular processes

Question 6

Breaking of the posterior or anterior arches of the atlas (C1)

Answer 6

Jefferson (burst) fracture

Question 7

Fracture and dislocation of the axis

Answer 7

• Most common injury of C. vertebra
• hyperextension of head ON neck
• C2 displaced ant. w/respect to C3

Question 8

cervical injury due to horizontal blow to the head

Answer 8

fracture of dens

Question 9

Whiplash

Answer 9

Hyperextension of head AND neck

Question 10

Lumbar spinal stenosis

Answer 10

• Spinal nerve size incr. - IV foramen decr.

- Laminectomy possible treat

Question 11

Cervical ribs

Answer 11

• 1-2% of people
• C7 transv. p enlarges
• Supernumerary rib = pressure on subclav aa and inf. brachial p

Question 12

Caudal epidural anesthesia

Answer 12

• Sacra hiatus through sacrococcygeal lig.

- Fat superior to lig site of local anesthetic

Question 13

Transsacral epidural anesthesia

Answer 13

• Through post. sacral foramina into sacral canal

- Used during child birth

Question 14

Palpable landmarks on sacral area

Answer 14

• S4 spinous process + sacral cornua (base of sacrum)

Question 15

Injury to coccyx

Answer 15

• Fall = fracture/dislocation sacrococcygeal joint
• Difficult childbirth
• Maybe surgery to remove fract. bone

Question 16

Coccygodynia

Answer 16

• Follows coc. trauma
• Pain in coccyx
• Pain relief hard

Question 17

Hemisacralization

Answer 17

• 5% of people
• L5 partly/fully fused with sacrum
• L4-L5 level degenerates

Question 18

Lumbarization

Answer 18

• S1 separated from sacrum, fused to L5

Question 19

Effect of aging on vertebrae

Answer 19

• V. body = concave
• Nucleus P > Proteoglycans and elastin down, collagen up
• Annulus fibrosus > more load
• IV discs increase in size = convex (2%M, 10%F increase)

Question 20

Osteophytes

Answer 20

• Bony spurs
• Result of compressive forces at periphery of v bodies
• Occur at zygapophysial joint capsules and accessory lig esp. superior articular process

Question 21

Spondylosis

Answer 21

• Bony growth due to age on vertebral bodies

- Degenerate osteoarthrosis a cause

Question 22

Osteoarthrosis

Answer 22

Bony growth due to age on zygapophysial joints

Question 23

Spina bifida occulta

Answer 23

• L5/S1 neural arches fail to fuse post to v canal
• Indicated by tuft of hair
• Post birth v should be palpated to make sure v arches continuous

Question 24

Spindal bifida cystica

Answer 24

• V arches don’t develop
• Meningocele = herniation of meninges
• Meningomyocele = herniation of meninges + spinal cord
• Result from neural tube defects (doesn’t close during 4 wk)