Intro B&I

Question 1

What’s the 3 components of blood

Answer 1

Rbc (erythrocytes)
Platelets (Wbc leukocytes)
Plasma (water, proteins antibodies, molecules) no cells

Question 2

What do rbc do

Answer 2

Rbc have protein hemoglobin that binds to oxygen from lungs and carry it around to places that need it

Question 3

What do wbc do

Answer 3

Defend body by fighting infection. Some wbc (neutrophil monocyte macrophage) engulf bacteria by phagocytosis

Question 4

What do platelets do

Answer 4

Small disk shaped helps to form clots to prevent excessive bleeding. Forms fibrin to clot.

Question 5

What’s innate response

Answer 5

First line of defence and is rapid to provide immediate protection. Physical barriers = skin, secretions (tears saliva acid bile), mucous membranes

Question 6

Sec line of defence

Answer 6

Internal innate defences.
Phagocytic cells
Natural killer cells
Defensive proteins
Inflammatory response

Question 7

Adaptive response

Answer 7

3rd line of defence.
Lymphocytes (B and T cells)
Antibodies
T cell is main and helps B cells that pumps out antibodies

Lymphatic system part of 2 and 3 defence as it makes B and T cells

Question 8

Monocytes

Answer 8

Made in bone marrow. Have kidney bean nuclei and are part of innate response

Question 9

Lymphocytes

Answer 9

Circle nuclei and part of adaptive response (B and T cells Natural killer cells)

Question 10

Neutrophils

Answer 10

Uneven nuclei part of adaptive response. Phagocytoses

Question 11

Pathology

Answer 11

Study of disease and it’s progression

Question 12

Pathogen

Answer 12

Something that causes disease (bacteria virus fungi)

Question 13

Immune system

Answer 13

System of defence to stop invading pathogens

Question 14

Immunogenic

Answer 14

Something that stimulates response in body

Question 15

Antigen

Answer 15

Portion of bug that immune system recognises

Question 16

Antibody

Answer 16

Protein made by body to bind to antigen

Question 17

How do pathogens enter body (3 ways)

Answer 17

Eat breathe touch

Question 18

2nd line of defence steps

Answer 18

Vasodilation increases blood permeability.
Blood cells leave vessels and go to site to cause redness heat swelling.
Phagocytes pathogen.
Natural killer cell recog and kills virus
cleanup and repair

Question 19

How does inflammation occur

Answer 19

1. Tissue injury releases chemical signals like histamine
2. Dilates and Increases local blood vessels, migration of phagocytic cells to area.
3. Phagocytic cells engulf bacteria and tissue heals

Question 20

How does phagocytosis occur

Answer 20

Phagocytes (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages) go to site of infection by chemical signals.
Phagocyte recognises particle and changes cytoskeleton to form around particle to form phagosome.
Then fuses with lysosomes which engulfs and kills bacteria.
Then expels waste.

Question 21

Antigens 2 important characteristics

Answer 21

Immunogenicity- ability to stimulate response by stimulating production of antibodies or T cells.
Reactivity- ability of antigen to react specifically with antibodies it provoked

Question 22

What are epitopes

Answer 22

Regions on antigen molecules that are recognised by immune system (made of short sequence of amino acids)

Question 23

Invaders memory

Answer 23

Memory B and T cells live in lymph nodes and are activated if exposed to pathogen for 2nd time. Second response is much stronger faster and lasts longer than first

Question 24

What are memory B cells

Answer 24

B cells clone themselves and make antibodies and save a copy

Question 25

Summary

Answer 25

Innate rapid>Adaptive slower has memory>antibodies can be measured to understand infection