Intro B&I Flashcards
What’s the 3 components of blood
Rbc (erythrocytes)
Platelets (Wbc leukocytes)
Plasma (water, proteins antibodies, molecules) no cells
What do rbc do
Rbc have protein hemoglobin that binds to oxygen from lungs and carry it around to places that need it
What do wbc do
Defend body by fighting infection. Some wbc (neutrophil monocyte macrophage) engulf bacteria by phagocytosis
What do platelets do
Small disk shaped helps to form clots to prevent excessive bleeding. Forms fibrin to clot.
What’s innate response
First line of defence and is rapid to provide immediate protection. Physical barriers = skin, secretions (tears saliva acid bile), mucous membranes
Sec line of defence
Internal innate defences.
Phagocytic cells
Natural killer cells
Defensive proteins
Inflammatory response
Adaptive response
3rd line of defence.
Lymphocytes (B and T cells)
Antibodies
T cell is main and helps B cells that pumps out antibodies
Lymphatic system part of 2 and 3 defence as it makes B and T cells
Monocytes
Made in bone marrow. Have kidney bean nuclei and are part of innate response
Lymphocytes
Circle nuclei and part of adaptive response (B and T cells Natural killer cells)
Neutrophils
Uneven nuclei part of adaptive response. Phagocytoses
Pathology
Study of disease and it’s progression
Pathogen
Something that causes disease (bacteria virus fungi)
Immune system
System of defence to stop invading pathogens
Immunogenic
Something that stimulates response in body
Antigen
Portion of bug that immune system recognises
Antibody
Protein made by body to bind to antigen
How do pathogens enter body (3 ways)
Eat breathe touch
2nd line of defence steps
Vasodilation increases blood permeability.
Blood cells leave vessels and go to site to cause redness heat swelling.
Phagocytes pathogen.
Natural killer cell recog and kills virus
cleanup and repair
How does inflammation occur
- Tissue injury releases chemical signals like histamine
- Dilates and Increases local blood vessels, migration of phagocytic cells to area.
- Phagocytic cells engulf bacteria and tissue heals
How does phagocytosis occur
Phagocytes (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages) go to site of infection by chemical signals.
Phagocyte recognises particle and changes cytoskeleton to form around particle to form phagosome.
Then fuses with lysosomes which engulfs and kills bacteria.
Then expels waste.
Antigens 2 important characteristics
Immunogenicity- ability to stimulate response by stimulating production of antibodies or T cells.
Reactivity- ability of antigen to react specifically with antibodies it provoked
What are epitopes
Regions on antigen molecules that are recognised by immune system (made of short sequence of amino acids)
Invaders memory
Memory B and T cells live in lymph nodes and are activated if exposed to pathogen for 2nd time. Second response is much stronger faster and lasts longer than first
What are memory B cells
B cells clone themselves and make antibodies and save a copy
Summary
Innate rapid>Adaptive slower has memory>antibodies can be measured to understand infection
