Blood Composition

Question 1

What does blood pressure ensure

Answer 1

Even and efficient flow through small capillaries
Low enough to prevent capillary leakage but high enough to avoid coagulation.

Question 2

How does heart pump blood

Answer 2

Left - removes blood through venous system pumps through right ventricle to lungs (lungs give O2 to blood
Right - arterial (oxygenated) ventricle does all pumping through aorta

Question 3

How does bp work

Answer 3

120/80 (highest pressure) is when left ventricle is fully contracted and vessels r under max pressure. 80 is when heart is fully relaxed (lowest / default pressure)

Question 4

Major components of blood - cells

Answer 4

Erythroid- rbc
Myeloid - wbc
Lymphoid - contribute to adaptive immune response

Question 5

Major components of blood - proteins

Answer 5

albumin (most abundant maintains osmotic pressure)
Haemoglobin - Carries O2
Fibrinogen- clotting
Immunoglobulins- antibodies

Question 6

Major components of blood - lipids

Answer 6

Bound in lipoproteins (transport lipids through bloodstream) HDL LDL VLDP

Seperate due to densities and ratio of HDL to LDL can determine cardiovascular state (formation of clots)

Question 7

Major components of blood - electrolytes

Answer 7

Salts (maintain pH) and minerals. Bicarbonate buffers (prevents rapid change in concentration of hydrogen ions)

Question 8

Other components of blood

Answer 8

Vitamins hormones glucose

Question 9

What are the 3 types of blood cells and around how much are there

Answer 9

Erythrocytes - 5/6 million/ml
Leukocytes - 10,000/ml
Platelets (coagulation/tissue repair)- 400,000/ml

Question 10

Albumin

Answer 10

Makes up 50% of total blood proteins maintains osmotic pressure
Binds and transports small molecules and hormones

Question 11

Fibrinogen

Answer 11

Makes up 7% of total blood protein
Activated through coagulation cascade to form cross-linked fibrin

Question 12

Wbcs

Answer 12

Neutrophil - 3 nuclei (most abundant wbc)
Lymphocytes - B and T cells
Eosinophil and Basophil - granulacytes (filled w cytotoxic chemicals)
Monocyte - becomes macrophage to Phagocyte cells

Question 13

What is CD34+

Answer 13

Cell marker that’s found in outer membrane of particularly hematopoietic stem cells (responsible to replenish body’s blood supply)

can differentiate into various types of rbc

Question 14

How to regenerate entire haematopoietic blood cells

Answer 14

Add monoclonal antibody to react with CD34+ to pull out stem cells and if enough is collected can inject it back into patients

Question 15

What gives rise to innate WBC

Answer 15

Common myeloid progenitor - rise to innate immune system cells

Question 16

What gives rise to lymphocytes

Answer 16

Common lymphoid progenitor - rise to adaptive immune system cells

Question 17

3 factors that drive haematopoiesis (how blood cells are formed)

Answer 17

GM-CSF (produced by macrophages)
EPO (production of RBC)
G-CSF (production of granulocytes)

Question 18

What is association and dissociation of O2 from heme regulated by

Answer 18

Partial pressure of O2

Question 19

How does coagulation pathway occur

Answer 19

2 arms
intrinsic - contact
extrinsic - tissue damage
both activate factor Xa to cleave
prothrombin —–> thrombin
thrombin cleaves fibrinogen–>fibrin

calcium is essential for coag,ulation pathway to occur

Question 20

whats plasma

Answer 20

The viscous liquid fraction of blood without cells.
Contains fibrinogen that is removed with
coagulation

Question 21

whats serum

Answer 21

Less viscous yellow liquid remaining after removal
of the clot

Question 22

whats complement

Answer 22

9 proteins that “coat” bacteria targeting them for
phagocytosis. C3 is the major component. Opsonisation