Infection And Innate Immunity

Question 1

Anatomical and physiological barriers

Answer 1

Skin, cilia in lungs, mucous in lung, low pH in stomach, lysozyme in tears and saliva

Question 2

Parts of Innate immunity

Answer 2

Cellular - NK cells, macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, dendritic, eosinophils
Humoral-

Question 3

Innate immunity and 3 types

Answer 3

Immediate response
Has no memory

3 - Complement, Myeloid cells and phagocytosis, pattern recognition receptors

Question 4

3 main types of pathogens

Answer 4

Viruses, bacteria, parasites

Question 5

What kind of pathogen is a virus

Answer 5

Intracellular (inside cell). Defence relies on antibodies and cellular immunity
Flu, polio, small pox, varicella, HIV

Question 6

What kind of pathogen is bacteria

Answer 6

Extracellular (outside cell). Defence is mediated by innate mechanisms and phagocytosis

Question 7

Protozoa and parasites

Answer 7

Can’t be digested through phagocytosis or neutrophils.
require direct killing by chemical
mediators released by specialist myeloid cells

Question 8

What are granules filled with and what are granular types

Answer 8

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.
Filled with cytotoxic chemicals and when released can cause inflammation (histamine)

Question 9

What’s gram positive

Answer 9

Bacteria has thick peptidoglycan wall as defence. Requires phagocytosis and isn’t killed directly by complement

Question 10

Gram negative

Answer 10

Bacteria has thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by outer membrane. Bacteria can be lysed directly by complement

Question 11

Neutrophil extravasation

Answer 11

Activation - chem signals chemokines activate local endothelial cells lining adjacent capillary wall
learn the rest of it

Question 12

Neutrophils phagocytosis of opsonised S aureus

Answer 12

C5a is chemoattractant that forms gradient for neutrophil to migrate up.
Neutrophil make actin filaments in front to move forward and break them down behind to move smoothly.
Neutrophil have receptors on their surface that recognise and grab onto certain proteins from immune system like C3b.

proteins on surface = something harmful (bacteria)

Question 13

Complement receptors

Answer 13

CR1 CR2 CR3 CR4. CR1 binds to C3b. Cross linking initiates phagocytosis

Question 14

Pattern recognition receptors

Answer 14

Use dirt to trigger PRR to activate immune response

Question 15

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

Answer 15

Structurally complex, evolutionarily stable, stimulate power switch for adaptive response

Question 16

TLR4 receptor for what

Answer 16

Lipopolysaccharides LPS and is component for gram negative bacteria. Small amount gives powerful innate response.

Question 17

What’s opsonization

Answer 17

Coating pathogens to mark them for phagocytosis