Intro and Radiology Flashcards
draw the planes and terms to describe the individual in the anatomical position
image
name the imaging techniques, describe them a little and give examples when to use it
- xray ; photons fired at the individual wc then are attenuated b tissues and masses, these photons then pass through and are detected on photographic film e.g fractures
- angiogram ; when a contrast agent iodine is injeected into the patients viens/arteries to see if theres any occlusion e.g CHD
- ultrasound; uses sound waves that bounce off from internal organs to create an image, e.g pregnancy
- doppler ultrasound ; allows you to determine flow’s direction and velocity,by measureing if it is getting closer or moving away e.g antenatal blood flow
- CT ; x ray tubes pass around the body to obtain a series image e.g appendicitis
- MRI ; strong magnet is used to allign the hydroegn nuclei in the body, then the magnet is deflected and the nuclei return to their previous allignment, by doing so they release small pulses wc are detected. its either T1 weighted = dark fluid and white fat or T2 weighted white fluid and black fat
- NMI; uses gamma rays but first getting patient to take radiopharmaetucial wc gets absorbed, distibuted, metabolised and excreteed by body
- PET ; give a PET radionucleotide label w Fluroide-18 wc will be absorbed by highly metabolising tissue like cancer cells and lymph tissues
functions of bones
- metabolism ; calcium regulation and phosphate regulation
- protection ; very tensile due to the collagen
- act as shock absorbants
- storage ; yellow bone marrow = adipose storage and haemopoeitic cells wc can be converted into RBC in anaemia
- movement ; attatchment sites for muscles and ligaments and tendons
- haemopoiesis
- support ; framework for maintaining our body posture
skeletal muscles functions
- venous blood return ; the muscles of our leg contract to get blood to pump back to the heart
- locomotion ; contraction of muscles arounda joint allow movement of that joint
- metabloism ; generate alot of heat and energy
- posture ;when standing up right
- continence ; muscles of our pelvis floor allow us to maintain urinary and feacal continence
types of connective tissues in MSK
tendon connect bone to muscle
ligaments bone to bone
cartilage ; hyaline (end of bones) , fibrocartilage (in vertebrae) and elastic cartilage (epiglottis, pinna of ear and eustachian tube)
how to tell the different cartilages apart
location
- E = pinna of ear, eustachian tube, epiglottis
- H = respiratory tube, inbetween bones, in joints, costal cartilage at the end of ribs, cartilage
- FC= pubic symphysis, in intervertebral disc, meniscus of knee, articular surface of joint
M I C R O S C O P E
- E = chondrocytes in lacunae in between elastic fibres
- H = chrondrocytes in lacunae in the matrix
- FC = chondrocytes in between collagen fibres in the matrix
images of joints
synovial membrane
synovial fluid in the bursae wc can become inflamed c bursitis
function is to lubricate the joint
describe parts of the bone
epiphysis
diaphysis
metaphysis
growth plates made of hyaline cartilage wc becomes calcified
periosteum = hard bit around the bone outside
endosteum = inside hard shell
IMAGE
MICROCOPY OF BONE ONES
- zone of resorption ; where calcification fo hyalinecartilage occurs by small bvessels invading the area of dyign chondrocytes and leave calcified spicules wc bone is laid down onto
- zone of calcifed cartilage; enlarged cells begin to degenrate and matric calficies
- zone of hypertrophy ;cells enlarge greatly and matrix forms coloumns between these linear bands of cells
- zone of proliferation ; cells proliferate and enlargeans secrete matrix
- zone of reserve cartialge ; no cellular proliferation or active matrix production
in MSK what do you use an x-ray for
-trauma to bone/ joint
chronic arthritis (e.g osteoarthritis/ RA)
osteomyelitis (inflammation of the bone)
where is the bone most thickest?
shaft (diaphysis )
describe the types of fratures
image
difference between an oblique fracture and spiral fracture
spiral fracture is in multiple planes and you must use a 3D imaging technique to view a spiral fracture, it happens when theres torsion in to different directions adn there’s sheering force wc causes a fracture
oblqiue fracture (displaced. nondisplaced ) is confined to 1 plane
compression fracture
occurs in cancellous bone wc makes up most of the vertebrae bone
occurs when axial load is great and compresses the bone beyond its limit,
most commonly occurs in the lumbar vertebrae becasue it carries the most weight
difficult to see a fractur eline but you can see that theres been a compression of the vertebrae as its crushed
what fractures can only occur in kids
- greenstick fracture ; due to the bones bending and cracking instead of breaking into two pieces, because the bones of kids is more softer and flexible than adults
- epiphyseal seperation fracture ; line of fracture extends through the fused growth plate, thereby seperating the epiphysis from the metaphysis , an example is SCFE = slipped upper zones (GROWTH PLATES) this is also known as FEMORAL EPIPHYSIS FRACTURE
what affects bone growth in kids and what does a huge difference in bone age and chronological age mean?
- thyroid hormone (binding to nuclear receptors c growth hormone synthesis) , growth hormone, excess corticosteroid (c bones to mature too fast and so no more growth )
patient child comes in, and you’re ensure if they are growing right. What bone viewing tests would you do and why?
carpal bones x ray of left wrist
because carpal bones arent ossified at birth and begin ossifying from birth to 12 years of age, so is a standard atlas of bone development
what are the stages of boen fracture healing and how are they classfied
inflammatory -no callus forms HR-DAYS
- haematoma formation ( to stop blood supply)
- tissue death (bone cells at the fracture edge die to due to no blood supply)
- inflammation / cellular proliferation (granulocytes enter the site and swelling ccurs, phagocytic and granulocytes enter and remove the damaged tissue)
reparative phase
- angiogenesis , granulation, procallus froms (new b vessesls infiltrate the fracture haematoma)
- soft callus form (fibrocartilaginous) wc is tissue thats rich in capillarie and fibroblasts
- consolidation/ hard callus formation (soft callus converted into cancellous bone, endocondrial ossfication coverted this fibrocartilgnoius callus (soft callus) into cancellous bone
remodelling
7. remodelling fracture line can be seen as by this stage radiographicunion has occured
describe the spinal nerve structure
epineurium
perineurium
endoneurium (fascile)
vasa nervorum(within the epineurium)
what are spinal nerves draw their structure
there are 31 for the level of every vertebrae
dorsal (dat ass) and ventral (front)
dorsal rami supplies nerves is motor and supplies the back
