Intro and Radiology

Question 1

draw the planes and terms to describe the individual in the anatomical position

Answer 1

image

Question 2

name the imaging techniques, describe them a little and give examples when to use it

Answer 2

• • xray ; photons fired at the individual wc then are attenuated b tissues and masses, these photons then pass through and are detected on photographic film e.g fractures
• • angiogram ; when a contrast agent iodine is injeected into the patients viens/arteries to see if theres any occlusion e.g CHD
• ultrasound; uses sound waves that bounce off from internal organs to create an image, e.g pregnancy
• doppler ultrasound ; allows you to determine flow’s direction and velocity,by measureing if it is getting closer or moving away e.g antenatal blood flow
• CT ; x ray tubes pass around the body to obtain a series image e.g appendicitis
• MRI ; strong magnet is used to allign the hydroegn nuclei in the body, then the magnet is deflected and the nuclei return to their previous allignment, by doing so they release small pulses wc are detected. its either T1 weighted = dark fluid and white fat or T2 weighted white fluid and black fat
• NMI; uses gamma rays but first getting patient to take radiopharmaetucial wc gets absorbed, distibuted, metabolised and excreteed by body
• PET ; give a PET radionucleotide label w Fluroide-18 wc will be absorbed by highly metabolising tissue like cancer cells and lymph tissues

Question 3

functions of bones

Answer 3

• metabolism ; calcium regulation and phosphate regulation
• protection ; very tensile due to the collagen
• act as shock absorbants
• storage ; yellow bone marrow = adipose storage and haemopoeitic cells wc can be converted into RBC in anaemia
• movement ; attatchment sites for muscles and ligaments and tendons
• haemopoiesis
• support ; framework for maintaining our body posture

Question 4

skeletal muscles functions

Answer 4

• venous blood return ; the muscles of our leg contract to get blood to pump back to the heart
• locomotion ; contraction of muscles arounda joint allow movement of that joint
• metabloism ; generate alot of heat and energy
• posture ;when standing up right
• continence ; muscles of our pelvis floor allow us to maintain urinary and feacal continence

Question 5

types of connective tissues in MSK

Answer 5

tendon connect bone to muscle

ligaments bone to bone

cartilage ; hyaline (end of bones) , fibrocartilage (in vertebrae) and elastic cartilage (epiglottis, pinna of ear and eustachian tube)

Question 6

how to tell the different cartilages apart

Answer 6

location

• E = pinna of ear, eustachian tube, epiglottis
• H = respiratory tube, inbetween bones, in joints, costal cartilage at the end of ribs, cartilage
• FC= pubic symphysis, in intervertebral disc, meniscus of knee, articular surface of joint

M I C R O S C O P E

• E = chondrocytes in lacunae in between elastic fibres
• H = chrondrocytes in lacunae in the matrix
• FC = chondrocytes in between collagen fibres in the matrix

Question 7

images of joints

Question 8

synovial membrane

Answer 8

synovial fluid in the bursae wc can become inflamed c bursitis

function is to lubricate the joint

Question 9

describe parts of the bone

Answer 9

epiphysis

diaphysis

metaphysis

growth plates made of hyaline cartilage wc becomes calcified

periosteum = hard bit around the bone outside

endosteum = inside hard shell

IMAGE

Question 10

MICROCOPY OF BONE ONES

Answer 10

• zone of resorption ; where calcification fo hyalinecartilage occurs by small bvessels invading the area of dyign chondrocytes and leave calcified spicules wc bone is laid down onto
• zone of calcifed cartilage; enlarged cells begin to degenrate and matric calficies
• zone of hypertrophy ;cells enlarge greatly and matrix forms coloumns between these linear bands of cells
• zone of proliferation ; cells proliferate and enlargeans secrete matrix
• zone of reserve cartialge ; no cellular proliferation or active matrix production

Question 11

in MSK what do you use an x-ray for

Answer 11

-trauma to bone/ joint

chronic arthritis (e.g osteoarthritis/ RA)

osteomyelitis (inflammation of the bone)

Question 12

where is the bone most thickest?

Answer 12

shaft (diaphysis )

Question 13

describe the types of fratures

Answer 13

image

Question 14

difference between an oblique fracture and spiral fracture

Answer 14

spiral fracture is in multiple planes and you must use a 3D imaging technique to view a spiral fracture, it happens when theres torsion in to different directions adn there’s sheering force wc causes a fracture

oblqiue fracture (displaced. nondisplaced ) is confined to 1 plane

Question 15

compression fracture

Answer 15

occurs in cancellous bone wc makes up most of the vertebrae bone

occurs when axial load is great and compresses the bone beyond its limit,

most commonly occurs in the lumbar vertebrae becasue it carries the most weight

difficult to see a fractur eline but you can see that theres been a compression of the vertebrae as its crushed

Question 16

what fractures can only occur in kids

Answer 16

• greenstick fracture ; due to the bones bending and cracking instead of breaking into two pieces, because the bones of kids is more softer and flexible than adults
• epiphyseal seperation fracture ; line of fracture extends through the fused growth plate, thereby seperating the epiphysis from the metaphysis , an example is SCFE = slipped upper zones (GROWTH PLATES) this is also known as FEMORAL EPIPHYSIS FRACTURE

Question 17

what affects bone growth in kids and what does a huge difference in bone age and chronological age mean?

Answer 17

• thyroid hormone (binding to nuclear receptors c growth hormone synthesis) , growth hormone, excess corticosteroid (c bones to mature too fast and so no more growth )

Question 18

patient child comes in, and you’re ensure if they are growing right. What bone viewing tests would you do and why?

Answer 18

carpal bones x ray of left wrist

because carpal bones arent ossified at birth and begin ossifying from birth to 12 years of age, so is a standard atlas of bone development

Question 19

what are the stages of boen fracture healing and how are they classfied

Answer 19

inflammatory -no callus forms HR-DAYS

1. haematoma formation ( to stop blood supply)
2. tissue death (bone cells at the fracture edge die to due to no blood supply)
3. inflammation / cellular proliferation (granulocytes enter the site and swelling ccurs, phagocytic and granulocytes enter and remove the damaged tissue)

reparative phase

4. angiogenesis , granulation, procallus froms (new b vessesls infiltrate the fracture haematoma)
5. soft callus form (fibrocartilaginous) wc is tissue thats rich in capillarie and fibroblasts
6. consolidation/ hard callus formation (soft callus converted into cancellous bone, endocondrial ossfication coverted this fibrocartilgnoius callus (soft callus) into cancellous bone

remodelling

​7. remodelling fracture line can be seen as by this stage radiographicunion has occured

Question 20

describe the spinal nerve structure

Answer 20

epineurium

perineurium

endoneurium (fascile)

vasa nervorum(within the epineurium)

Question 21

what are spinal nerves draw their structure

Answer 21

there are 31 for the level of every vertebrae

dorsal (dat ass) and ventral (front)

dorsal rami supplies nerves is motor and supplies the back