Intro and History Flashcards
Eukarya
+ Fungi
+ Algae
+ Protozoa
Fungi classification
Classical taxonomy: \+ Sexual reproductive mode \+ Morphology \+ Biochemistry \+ Ecology
Algae classification
Classified by pigmentation color
Protozoa classification
Classical taxonomy based on mode of motility
Non-Cellular
+ Viruses
+ Sub-viral entities
Who invented the first simple microscope?
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
Who discovered microorganisms?
Robert Hooke
Who invented the compound microscope?
Robert Hooke
Bacteria
(16S rRNA genes) prokaryotic; eubacteria; include blue-green algae/cyanobacteria
Archaea
(16S rRNA genes) prokaryotic; archaebacteria; recently discovered; e.g. halophiles, methanogens, piezophiles
Eukarya
(18S rRNA genes)
fungi, algae, protozoa
J. M. Berkeley (1845)
Potato blight Ireland caused by a fungus (Phytophthora infestans)
Pasteur
silkworm disease etiology caused by a protozoan
Helicobacter pylori
gastric/stomach ulcers; stomach cancer
Oral streptococci
heart valve diseases
Semmelweiss
childbirth fever deaths
Joseph Lister (1867)
+ antiseptic techniques for surgery
+ carbolic acid (phenol) is still used as an index of effectiveness of antiseptics (phenol coefficient)
Ivanovski (1892)
Tobacco mosaic virus
Nutrient media from extracts of natural materials: plant material, etc. think about today’s media
Robert Koch
melts at 100C solidifies ~45C
Agar
melts at 28C, easily digested
Gelatin
Who invented the petri dish?
Richard Petri
Microbe present in every case of the disease but absent in healthy host.
Koch’s first postulate
Suspected microbe can be isolated and grown in pure culture.
Koch’s second postulate
Same disease must be produced when a healthy host is inoculated with that microbe.
Koch’s third postulate
Same microbes must be isolatable from newly diseased host
Koch’s fourth postulate
Viable but non culturbale (VBNC) microbes
Limitations of Koch’s postulates
Unethical testing, e.g. human hosts
Limitations to Koch’s postulate
When did Edward Jenner first practice vaccination (vacca = cow) ?
In 1790
Who first practiced variolization for centuries?
The Chinese
Variolation
Or inoculation, was the method first used to immunize an individual against smallpox (Variola)
Who is responsible for attenuating a vaccine for chicken cholera?
Pasteur and Roux
Who discovered optical activity in lactic acid fermentation D and L lactic acids because of a wine spoilage problem?
Pasteur
Anaerbiosis (meaning)
“Life without air.”
Who is responsible for discovering nitrogen fixation by anaerobes?
Sergei Winogradski
Who is responsible for discovering aerobic nitrogen fixation by Azotobacter?
Martinus Beijerinck
Microbial ecologist, Director of NSF
Rita Colwell
Discovered bacterial pathogenicity of virulence.
Stanley Falkow
Discovered archaea.
Carl Woese and Ralph Wolfe
Established that H. pylori is the cause of gastric and peptic ulcers.
Barry Marshall and J. Robin Warren
Excellent theoretical and experimental models do what two things?
Reduce space and reduce time to study the same process
What is a disadvantage to the microbial paradigm?
They usually show substantially greater physiological and metabolic diversity than the rest of the living world.
Most microbes are single cells. T or F
True
Benefit of surface to volume ratio.
A microbe can exchange materials with its environment thousands of times more rapidly than an elephant.
For a microbe, is the biochemical communication with its environment rapid or slow?
Rapid
T or F. Microbes are usually studied as individuals.
False. They are studied easily as millions of identical cells.
CO2 sole or principal biosynthesis carbon source (carbon source).
Autotroph
Reduced, preformed, organic molecules from other organisms (carbon source).
Heterotrophs
Light (energy source)
Phototrophs
Oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds (energy source).
Chemotrophs
Reduced inorganic molecules (electron source).
Lithotrophs
Organic molecules (electron source).
Organotrophs
Unique exceptions of general microbial nutrition.
+ Fix CO2 non-Calvin-Benson-Bassham pathways
+ May require metal cofactors
+ Have unique metabolic capabilities
What are 3 unique metabolic capabilities that microbes posses?
1 - Fix (reduce) N2 and cycle NO, NO3, etc.
2 - Reduce SO4
3 - Degrade refractory materials (e.g., lignin, teflon)
