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Microbiology > Intro and History > Flashcards

Intro and History Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Eukarya

A

+ Fungi
+ Algae
+ Protozoa

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2
Q

Fungi classification

A 
Classical taxonomy:
\+ Sexual reproductive mode
\+ Morphology 
\+ Biochemistry 
\+ Ecology
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3
Q

Algae classification

A

Classified by pigmentation color

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4
Q

Protozoa classification

A

Classical taxonomy based on mode of motility

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5
Q

Non-Cellular

A

+ Viruses

+ Sub-viral entities

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6
Q

Who invented the first simple microscope?

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

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7
Q

Who discovered microorganisms?

A

Robert Hooke

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8
Q

Who invented the compound microscope?

A

Robert Hooke

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9
Q

Bacteria

A

(16S rRNA genes) prokaryotic; eubacteria; include blue-green algae/cyanobacteria

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10
Q

Archaea

A

(16S rRNA genes) prokaryotic; archaebacteria; recently discovered; e.g. halophiles, methanogens, piezophiles

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11
Q

Eukarya

A

(18S rRNA genes)

fungi, algae, protozoa

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12
Q

J. M. Berkeley (1845)

A

Potato blight Ireland caused by a fungus (Phytophthora infestans)

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13
Q

Pasteur

A

silkworm disease etiology caused by a protozoan

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14
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A

gastric/stomach ulcers; stomach cancer

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15
Q

Oral streptococci

A

heart valve diseases

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16
Q

Semmelweiss

A

childbirth fever deaths

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17
Q

Joseph Lister (1867)

A

+ antiseptic techniques for surgery

+ carbolic acid (phenol) is still used as an index of effectiveness of antiseptics (phenol coefficient)

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18
Q

Ivanovski (1892)

A

Tobacco mosaic virus

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19
Q

Nutrient media from extracts of natural materials: plant material, etc. think about today’s media

A

Robert Koch

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20
Q

melts at 100C solidifies ~45C

A

Agar

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21
Q

melts at 28C, easily digested

A

Gelatin

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22
Q

Who invented the petri dish?

A

Richard Petri

23
Q

Microbe present in every case of the disease but absent in healthy host.

A

Koch’s first postulate

24
Q

Suspected microbe can be isolated and grown in pure culture.

A

Koch’s second postulate

25
Q

Same disease must be produced when a healthy host is inoculated with that microbe.

A

Koch’s third postulate

26
Q

Same microbes must be isolatable from newly diseased host

A

Koch’s fourth postulate

27
Q

Viable but non culturbale (VBNC) microbes

A

Limitations of Koch’s postulates

28
Q

Unethical testing, e.g. human hosts

A

Limitations to Koch’s postulate

29
Q

When did Edward Jenner first practice vaccination (vacca = cow) ?

A

In 1790

30
Q

Who first practiced variolization for centuries?

A

The Chinese

31
Q

Variolation

A

Or inoculation, was the method first used to immunize an individual against smallpox (Variola)

32
Q

Who is responsible for attenuating a vaccine for chicken cholera?

A

Pasteur and Roux

33
Q

Who discovered optical activity in lactic acid fermentation D and L lactic acids because of a wine spoilage problem?

A

Pasteur

34
Q

Anaerbiosis (meaning)

A

“Life without air.”

35
Q

Who is responsible for discovering nitrogen fixation by anaerobes?

A

Sergei Winogradski

36
Q

Who is responsible for discovering aerobic nitrogen fixation by Azotobacter?

A

Martinus Beijerinck

37
Q

Microbial ecologist, Director of NSF

A

Rita Colwell

38
Q

Discovered bacterial pathogenicity of virulence.

A

Stanley Falkow

39
Q

Discovered archaea.

A

Carl Woese and Ralph Wolfe

40
Q

Established that H. pylori is the cause of gastric and peptic ulcers.

A

Barry Marshall and J. Robin Warren

41
Q

Excellent theoretical and experimental models do what two things?

A

Reduce space and reduce time to study the same process

42
Q

What is a disadvantage to the microbial paradigm?

A

They usually show substantially greater physiological and metabolic diversity than the rest of the living world.

43
Q

Most microbes are single cells. T or F

A

True

44
Q

Benefit of surface to volume ratio.

A

A microbe can exchange materials with its environment thousands of times more rapidly than an elephant.

45
Q

For a microbe, is the biochemical communication with its environment rapid or slow?

A

Rapid

46
Q

T or F. Microbes are usually studied as individuals.

A

False. They are studied easily as millions of identical cells.

47
Q

CO2 sole or principal biosynthesis carbon source (carbon source).

A

Autotroph

48
Q

Reduced, preformed, organic molecules from other organisms (carbon source).

A

Heterotrophs

49
Q

Light (energy source)

A

Phototrophs

50
Q

Oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds (energy source).

A

Chemotrophs

51
Q

Reduced inorganic molecules (electron source).

A

Lithotrophs

52
Q

Organic molecules (electron source).

A

Organotrophs

53
Q

Unique exceptions of general microbial nutrition.

A

+ Fix CO2 non-Calvin-Benson-Bassham pathways
+ May require metal cofactors
+ Have unique metabolic capabilities

54
Q

What are 3 unique metabolic capabilities that microbes posses?

A

1 - Fix (reduce) N2 and cycle NO, NO3, etc.
2 - Reduce SO4
3 - Degrade refractory materials (e.g., lignin, teflon)

Microbiology (4 decks)

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