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Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which is true about biological reduction of nitrogen gas to ammonia?
A. Can be accomplished by free-living organisms in Domains Archaea and Bacteria.
B. Can be accomplished by a variety of symbioses between prokaryotes and eukaryotic macroorganisms
C. Is thermodynamically exergonic but requires high input of cellular energy (ATP)
D. Is catalyzed by an enzyme that typically contains iron and molybdenum co-factors.
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

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2
Q 
Which of the below principles apply to the tendency of systems to go toward a higher state of disorder, and argue that perpetual motion is not attainable? 
A. entropy
B. First Law of Thermodynamics 
C. Second Law of Thermodynamics 
D. A and C
E. Chemiosmotic Theory
A

D. A and C

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3
Q 
Enzymes by which bacteria assimilate gaseous molecular nitrogen is/are
A. glutamine synthetase (GS)
B. glutamate synthase (GOGAT) 
C. glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)
D. nitrogenase 
E. Both C and D
A

D. nitrogenase

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4
Q

The Ames test…
A. determines histidine resistance of Salmonella typhimurium
B. uses of Salmonella typhi
C. depends on reversion of histidine auxotrophs to prototrophy
D. assesses chemical mutagenicity
E. Both C and D

A

E. Both C and D

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5
Q

Hfr strains of E. Coli…
A. are characterized by an F-factor that has has integrated into the chromosome
B. may form an F’ plasmid that contains chromosomal genetic material
C. are “male” or donor cells
D. Have sex pili
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

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6
Q

Which mechanism may protect nitrogenase from denaturation by molecular oxygen?
A. Fixation of nitrogen only under anaerobic conditions
B. Compartmentalization of the nitrogen fixation process
C. Partial uncoupling of the respiratory chain (ETC) to effect rapid reduction of oxygen
D. Oxygen transport proteins such as hemoglobins to sequester oxygen from nitrogenase
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

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7
Q

A bacterium experiencing a severe amino acid shortage
A. may exhibit Stringent Response
B. will contain elevated levels of ppGpp
C. will continue biosynthesis of amino acids
D. will have high level of uncharged tRNA
E. will have all of the above properties

A

E. All of the above

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8
Q

Conditional mutants…
A. have biosynthetic deficiencies relative to the prototroph
B. only express their mutant phenotype under certain defined conditions
C. are deficient in DNA repair mechanisms
D. are useful in determining potential carcinogenicity of chemicals
E. are all except C

A

B. only express their mutant phenotype under certain defined conditions

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9
Q 
The capability of a bacterial strain or species to take up naked DNA is called 
A. fertility 
B. promiscuity 
C. transduction 
D. competence 
E. lysogeny
A

D. competence

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10
Q

The process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus

A

Transduction

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11
Q

A bacterial cell in which a phage exists as DNA in its dormant state. A prophage is either integrated into the host bacteria’s chromosome or more rarely exists as a stable plasmid within the host cell.

A

Lysogenic bacterium

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12
Q

“Anal was I ere I saw lana,” “A man, a plan, a canal, panama,” “He goddam mad dog eh,” and “Naomi, sex at noon taxes, I moan”
A. palindromes of alphabetic letters
B. analogous to insertion sequence sites
C. analogous to recognition sites for restriction endonucleases
D. All of the above
E. wisdom so profound that if you graduate without knowing them, UWF should lose accreditation

A

D. All of the above

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13
Q 
Which of the below contributed most to our understanding of sex in bacteria? 
A. Paul Berg
B. Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum 
C. Myron Sasser 
D. Max Delbruick and Salvador Luria
A

B. Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum

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14
Q 
The DNA site on operons to which a regulator (repressor) protein may bind is known as which of the below? 
A. allosteric site
B. operator 
C. promoter
D. leader
E. attenuator
A

B. operator

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15
Q 
The computer scientist at University of Indiana writes for Scientific American. He/she wrote about Central Dogma in treatise covering "Godel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid" 
A. Michael Moore
B. Rita Colwell
C. Douglas Hofstadter 
D. Michael Crichton 
E. Myron Sasser
A

C. Douglas Hofstadter

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16
Q 
The key enzyme by which bacteria assimilate relatively-LOW concentrations of ammonia is 
A. glutamine synthetase
B. glutamate synthase (GOGAT)
C. glutamate dehydrogenase 
D. nitrogenase
E. A and B
A

E. A and B

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17
Q

Plasmid copy number is which of the below?
A. The same as chromosomal copy number
B. The total copies of a plasmid in a single cell
C. How efficiently a plasmid is copied during cell division
D. The ratio between the numbers of a specific plasmid inside a bacterial cell and the number of chromosomes
E. The number of genes carried on each plasmid

A

D. The ratio between the numbers of a specific plasmid inside a bacterial cell and the number of chromosomes

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18
Q

Nonsense mutations…
A. occur when translation “stop codons” are prematurely inserted into mRNA
B. stop translation of the mRNA into a functional protein
C. have been given trivial names of “Amber,” “Opal” and “Ochre”
D. often result in a defective gene product
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

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19
Q

Nonsense-suppressor mutations…
A. allow a translation stop codon to be ignored
B. require a change in tRNA specificity
C. restore in the original, wild phenotype
D. result in substitution of an amino acid into the position specified by the stop codon in the mRNA
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

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20
Q 
A key enzyme of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle is 
A. hexokinase
B. RuBisCO
C. pyruvate dehydrogenase 
D. nitrogenase 
E. lysozyme
A

B. RuBisCO

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21
Q

The enzyme nitrogenase…
A. consists of two kinds of subunits
B. may catalyze reduction of substrates other than nitrogen gas
C. is highly conserved in Domains Bacteria and Archaea
D. is rare, but present in Domain Eukarya
E. is characterized by statement in items A, B, and C but not D

A

E. is characterized by statement in items A, B, and C but not D.

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22
Q

The use of nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor by some organisms is…
A. anaerobic nitrate respiration
B. common in heterotrophic macro-organisms including humans
C. dissimilatoy nitrate reduction, known as denitrification
D. all of the above
E. all except B

A

E. all except B

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23
Q 
Which bacteriophage is the model for specialized transduction? 
A. coliphage 42
B. coliphage Lambda 
C. T-even coliphage 
D. General transduction phages
E. None of the above
A

B. coliphage Lambda

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24
Q

The rolling circle mechanism of DNA replication is utilized…
A. during conjugative transfer of DNA into an F-recipient
B. during replication of DNA of some viruses
C. during most replication of bacterial chromosomes
D. Both A and B
E. by Eukarya

A

D. Both A and B

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25
Q

What principle metabolic advantage does fermentation confer to the cell?
A. Oxidizes reduced electron carriers such as NADH
B. Produces useful metabolic byproducts such as ethanol, acetone, lactic acid
C. generates a prodigious quantity of ATP
D. All of the above
E. A and B only

A

A. Oxidizes reduced electron carriers such as NADH

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26
Q 
Which of the below mapping methods will give information on the polar relationship of two genes, e.g., whether gene B is between A and C? 
A. co-transformation 
B. co-transduction 
C. interrupted conjugation 
D. sequencing of DNA bases
E. all of the above
A

C. Interrupted conjugation

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27
Q 
Uncoupled transport of electrons via an electron transport system to a terminal electron acceptor tends to generate
A. proton motive force 
B. ATP
C. NADH
D. heat
E. none of these
A

D. heat

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28
Q 
What is the standard unit for mapping the genes on the E. Coli chromosome? 
A. gene length 
B. base pair
C. minute 
D. second
E. degree
A

C. minute

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29
Q 
Which possible fates for DNA that has been introduced (exogenote) into a new host cell result in the MOST stable transfer into future generations of the recipient cell? 
A. digestion catalyzed by hos enzymes 
B. formation of a partial diploid cell
C. recombination with the endogenote 
D. Formation of a partial diploid clone 
E. All of the above
A

C. recombination with the endogenote

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30
Q

Okasaki fragments…
A. are proteins
B. encode housekeeping function of the cell
C. allow the lagging strand of new DNA synthesis to occur
D. accommodate the fact that DNA polymerase must synthesize the new strand from 5’ to 3’.
E. C and D

A

E. C and D

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31
Q

Lectins…
A. are proteins with an affinity for monosaccharide residues
B. may be used for ABO-typing of blood
C. are involved in host-plant selection for nitrogen-fixing symbioses between bacteria and legumes
D. are produced by legumes
E. Are all of the above

A

E. All the above

32
Q

Suppressor mutations
A. reverse the effect of a previous mutation
B. may occur within the same gene as another mutation
C. may involve modified transfer-RNA
D. suppress excessive mutation rates in a bacterial cell
E. All except D

A

E. All except D

33
Q 
Who was curator for the genetic map of Escherichia coli for many years? 
A. Barbara Bachman 
B. Martha Hershey and Alfred Chase 
C. Avery, McLeod and McCarty 
D. Barbara McClintock 
E. Britney Spears
A

A. Barbara Bachman

34
Q

For this course, we have adopted which terminology as our definition of a “gene?”
A. DNA polycistronic sequence that codes for a gene product, e.g., protein, tRNA, rRNA,
B. cistron
C. any DNA
D. regulon
E. A and B

A

E. A and B

35
Q 
Which of the below used radioisotopes to demonstrate that the DNA and not the protein components of bacteriophages directed infection of the host cell? 
A. Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty
B. Griffith 
C. Hershey and Chase
D. Watson and Crick 
E. Gilbert and Sanger
A

C. Hershey and Chase

36
Q

Prototrophic bacteria…
A. have the biosynthetic capability of the “wild type,” e.g., typical bacteria of that species
B. may mutate to auxotrophic bacteria
C. resistant to multiple antibiotics
D. are deficient in DNA repair mechanisms
E. are A and B

A

E. are A and B

37
Q

Regulation of metabolic pathways within microorganisms may be controlled by which of the following?
A. altering activity of key enzymes
B. regulating the biosynthesis- and thus the amount - of key enzymes
C. altering “energy charge” within the cell
D. all of the above
E. all except B

A

D. all of the above

38
Q 
Who of the below developed a "chemiosmotic" theory that provided a unified mechanism for how ATP was made during respiration and in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
A. Louis Pasteur
B. Woese, Falkow, Berg
C. Singer, Nicholson 
D. Peter Mitchell
E. Embden, Meyerhof, Parnas
A

D. Peter Mitchell

39
Q 
Which of the below won a Nobel Prize for elucidating the mechanisms of charging tRNA?
A. Paul Berg
B. Myron Sasser
C. Joshua Lederberg
D. Max Delbruck and Salvador Luria
E. Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod
A

A. Paul Berg

40
Q 
Who won the Nobel for discovering transposons? 
A. Barbara Bachman
B. Martha Hershey and Alfred Chase
C. Avery, McLeod and McCarty 
D. Barbara McClintock 
E. Britney Spears
A

D. Barbara McClintock

41
Q 
Which group below has specialized cell that compartmentalizes nitrogen fixation and sequesters it from oxygenic photosynthesis?
A. purple non-sulfur bacteria 
B. single celled cyanobacteria 
C. green sulfur bacteria 
D. filamentous cyanobacteria
A

E. filamentous cyanobacteria

42
Q

The principle that bacteria do NOT develop mutants in response to environmental pressures?
A. was supported by a fluctuation analysis experiment
B. was demonstrated by Max Delbruck and Salvador Luria
C. was demonstrated using Poisson Distribution
D. was supported by following acquisition of mutant characteristics during the growth of E. Coli in the absence of selection pressures
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

43
Q 
Under optimal conditions, the complete transfer of the entire chromosome during an Hfr x F-mating between two strains of E.Coli takes approximately \_\_\_ minutes.
A. 10
B. 20
C. 50
D. 100
E. 200
A

D. 100

44
Q 
Transfer of genetic information between prokaryotes that require direct physical contact between the donor and recipient cells and requires a bacterial virus is called \_\_\_. 
A. transformation
B. transduction 
C. Transcendental Meditation 
D. conjugation 
E. none of the above
A

E. none of the above

45
Q 
Which substrates is/are used in a facile assay of nitrogenase activity?
A. nitrogen
B. ethylene
C. acetylene
D. ammonia
E. none of the above
A

C. acetylene

46
Q 
Which of the below discovered that a non-living "transforming" material could change an avirulent strain of bacterium into a virulent, pathogenic microorganism?
A. Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty
B. Fred Griffith 
C. Hershey and Chase
D. Watson and Crick
E. Gilbert and Sanger
A

B. Fred Griffith

47
Q 
What was the microorganism used in the above discovery? 
A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
B. the mouse
C. E. coli
D. Psuedomonas aeruginosa
E. Saccharomyces cervisiae
A

A. Streptococcus pneumoniae

48
Q 
Who discovered that bacterial conjugation was polar (one way, from donor to recipient)?
A. Salvador Luria and Max Delbruck
B. Barbara Jordan
C. Barbara Bachman 
D. Lynn Margulis
E. William Hayes
A

E. William Hayes

49
Q 
Cells from which plasmids have been removed by treatment with acridine orange or similar agents are typically termed as being...
A. intercalated
B. cured
C. deleted
D. mutated 
E. reverted
A

B. cured

50
Q 
Nigericin, 2,4-dinitrophenol and valinomycin are...
A. respiratory uncoupling agents
B. all antibiotics
C. fermentation products 
D. ionophores
E. A and D only
A

E. A and D only

51
Q

Early, seminal experiments that distinguished between genetic exchange mechanisms of bacteria that require physical contact and those that do not employed which of the below?
A. auxotrophic mutants
B. E. Coli
C. U-tube with sintered glass
D. strains of bacteria with multiple biosynthetic deficiencies
E. all of the above

A

E. all of the above

52
Q 
Which pathway produces the least ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation?
A. Enter-Doudoroff 
B. Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas
C. Tricarboxylic acid cycle
D. Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway
E. Gycolysis
A

D. Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway

53
Q 
Which mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes involves direct physical contact between the donor and recipient cells?
A. transduction
B. transformation
C. conjugation
D. transposition 
E. mutation
A

C. conjugation

54
Q 
Which of the below were Nobel Laureates in recognition of their development of DNA sequencing technology?
A. Bruce Ames and Martha Chase
B. Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum
C. Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger
D. James Watson and Francis Crick
E. Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod
A

C. Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger

55
Q

Which of the below is NOT a pathway of CO2 fixation that supports autotrophic growth ?
A. 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle
B. anapleurotic CO2 fixation pathways
C. reductive/ reverse TCA
D. reductive acetyl CoA
E. Calvin-Benson-Bassham

A

B. anapleurotic CO2 fixation pathways

56
Q

Small interfering, siRNA, or “Silencer RNA” is used to…
A. suppress transcription of specific genes
B. suppress antibiotic resistant mutants
C. select auxotrophic mutants
D. override stop codons
E. provide a mechanism for site-specific mutagenesis

A

A. suppress transcription of specific genes

57
Q

Mutants of bacteria that are defective in biosynthetic capability relative to the wild type can be selected using which of the below?
A. use of penicillin counter-selection against prototrophs
B. The Ames test
C. the auxotrophic-mutant rejection protocol
D. The Heimlich Maneuver
E. Replica plating

A

A. use of penicillin counter-selection against prototrophs

58
Q 
The most common organism used in genetic engineering and recombinant DNA research is which of the below?
A. Homo sapiens
B. House cat
C. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
D. E. coli
E. Drosophila melanogaster
A

D. E. coli

59
Q 
This Harvard M.D. wrote several novels, about genetic engineering, most recently the novel Next; some of his novels were made into movies, e.g., Jurassic Park, The Andromeda Strain, he/she is... 
A. Michael Moore
B. Rita Colwell 
C. Michael Crichton
D. Myron Sasser
E. Douglas Hofstadter
A

C. Michael Crichton

60
Q

Auxotrophic organisms…
A. have biosynthetic deficiencies relative to the prototroph
B. only express their mutant phenotype under certain defined conditions
C. are deficient in DNA repair mechanisms
D. are useful in determining potential carcinogenicity of chemicals
E. all are except C

A

E. all are except C

61
Q 
The ethanol in tequila is generated via which glucose-catabolizing pathway ?
A. Enter-Doudoroff
B. Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas
C. Tricarboxylic acid cycle 
D. Oxidative pentose phosphate pathway
E. Calvin Cycle
A

B. Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas

62
Q

Transposons used as mutagens…
A. alkylate (e.g., methylate) nitrogen bases of DNA
B. create thymidine dimers
C. distort the DNA backbone and cause reading frameshifts
D. interrupt a gene by inserting into it
E. do none of the above

A

D. interrupt a gene by inserting into it

63
Q 
The most abundant single protein on Planet Earth is...
A. hexokinase
B. RuBisCO
C. pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. nitrogenase
E. A and B
A

B. RuBisCO

64
Q 
Betagalactosidase is...
A. an enzyme typically found in E. coli
B. encoded by a gene in the Lac operon 
C. catalyzes hydrolysis of lactose to galactose and glucose 
D. all of the above
E. none of the above
A

D. all of the above

65
Q 
Generalized transduction...
A. involves a virus
B. often transfers random genes around the bacterial chromosome
C. involves bacteriophages
D. involves a prophage
E. involves all of the above except D
A

E. involves all of the above except D

66
Q

The genetic material of a bacteriophage, incorporated into the genome of a bacterium and able to produce phages if specifically activated.

A

Prophage

67
Q 
The binding site for DNA dependent messenger RNA polymerase is which of the below?
A. promotor
B. operator
C. leader
D. attenuator 
E. cistron
A

A. promotor

68
Q 
An enzyme that is crucial to PCR-amplification of DNA is 
A. from a member of Domain Bacteria 
B. from a member of Domain Archaea 
C. a thermo-stable enzyme
D. A and C
E. B and C
A

D. A and C

69
Q 
How many ATP equivalents (ATP or GTP) are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation during one turn of the Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle?
A. 1
B. 38
C. 2
D. 10
E. none
A

D. 10

70
Q 
The DNA site on operons to which the regulator (repressor) protein may bind is known as which of the below?
A. allosteric site
B. operator
C. promoter
D. leader
E. attenuator
A

B. operator

71
Q

Transduction mediated by Phage lambda…
A. most likely transfers genes from gal or bio operons
B. often transfers genes from any part of the host chromosome
C. can be easily used to map any part of the chromosome of E. coli
D. is a virulent phage with a lytic life cycle
E. all of the above

A

D. is a virulent phage with a lytic life cycle

72
Q 
Which of the below showed that mutations in bacteria are rare and spontaneous?
A. Paul Berg
B. Myron Sasser
C. Joshua Lederberg
D. Max Delbruck and Salvador Luria
E. Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod
A

D. Max Delbruck and Salvador Luria

73
Q 
Which of the below won a Nobel Prize for what we now call "operon theory?"
A. Paul Berg
B. Myron Sasser
C. Joshua Lederberg
D. Max Delbruck and Salvador Luria
E. Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod
A

E. Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod

74
Q

PCR…
A. is short for poly-cistronic RNA
B. is an in vitro technology
C. is a method that exponentially amplifies segments of template DNA
D. requires a thermo-stable DNA polymerase
E. is all of the above except A

A

E. is all of the above except A

75
Q 
The total metabolic capability of an organism is known as its... 
A. proteome
B. genome
C. transcriptome
D. metabolome
E. mobilome
A

D. metabolome

76
Q

Why did Lederberg and Tatum use multiple auxotrophic mutants in their experiment that demonstrated conjugation in bacteria?
A. they wished to avoid the possibility that spontaneous mutations might result in restoration of the wild-type phenotype
B. they had OCD
C. those were the only strains they had in their culture collection because multiple auxotrophic stains are very common
D. they needed to use antibiotics to select for strains that had received new DNA
E. none of the above

A

A. they wished to avoid the possibility that spontaneous mutations might result in restoration of the wild-type phenotype

Microbiology (4 decks)

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