intro and different perspectives

Question 1

Hargreaves (1967)

about labelling and first impressions.

Answer 1

1967
‘the first impressions overtime became ‘‘labels’’ ‘

‘teachers use this knowledge to explain behaviour and attainment ‘

Question 2

explain ‘pygmalion in the classroom’

Answer 2

Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968)

randomly selected children as ‘late bloomers’, a year later intelligence was measured and they had dramatically improved- this is due to teacher’s behaviour around them

Question 3

Becker (1971)

Answer 3

1971

teachers initially evaluate students in relation to their stereotype

Question 4

describe the four roles that Functionalist argue the education system has

Answer 4

1. allocating roles
2. preparing trained and qualified workforce
   3.social solidarity
3. preparation for adult life

Question 5

how did Durkheim describe schools?

functionalist

Answer 5

‘schools are a society in miniature’

(1858-1917)

Question 6

What did Parsons (1961) argue about schools?

Answer 6

schools act as a bridge and gives secondary socialisation

Question 7

Who developed the theory of ‘human capital’ and what is meant by this?

Answer 7

Schultz (1971) (functionalist)
high spending on education is necessary as it develops knowledge which is important investment for economy.

Question 8

What did Davis and Moore (1945) suggest?

(functionalist)

Answer 8

education system is a way of selecting differently levelled people for the job market, suggest there is an ‘equality of opportunity’

Question 9

Why did Bowles and Gintis criticise the functionalist perspective on education?

Answer 9

Bowles and Gintis (2011) suggest that the education system disguises the fact that there is not an ‘equality of opportunity’, as suggested by Functionalists.

reproduces submissive labour power using hidden curriculum - legitimises class inequality

Question 10

What is the Marxists view on education?

Answer 10

marxists view the education system as a form of social control, encouraging young people to be conformist and accept their social position

Question 11

What is Althusser’s view of education?

(marxist)

Answer 11

Althusser (1971) argues that school is an ‘ideological state apparatus’ and produces an obedient workforce through false consciousness. (done by socialisation)

Question 12

What did Bourdieu argue success in education is due to?

(marxist)

Answer 12

Bourdieu (1977) argued success in education is due to cultural capital - dominant class imposes their habitus to the education system

argues education system legitimises inequalities

Question 13

what is cultural capital?

Answer 13

each class have own ‘habitus’ which is their set of beliefs/ideas.

cultural capital means that those from a middle-class background are benefitted as they can access the specific habitus used in schools.

Question 14

What did Illich argue about the education system?

(marxist)

Answer 14

Illich (1995) argue schools are repressive and encourage conformity through rewards.
reward those who accept the regime and so therefore have access to higher education/jobs.

Question 15

What did Freire argue about the education system?

(marxist)

Answer 15

Freire (1996)

schools are repressive institutions where learners are conditioned to accept oppressive relations of domination and subornation

Question 16

What do those from a New Right perspective think of the education system?

Answer 16

those from a New Right perspective believe the education system should not be concerned with equality, but focus on providing a trained workforce

ensure students with talent develop this

believe there should be a free market in education - marketisation of education produces many benefits for taxpayers

Question 17

What do Chubb and Moe think?

(New Right)

Answer 17

Chubb and Moe (1990/1992)
believe education system controlled by authorities is not the best way to achieve aims as it imposes a single type of schools

argue schools should be tailored based on specific needs for area

Question 18

summarise the interactionalist view on education

Answer 18

interactionalism is a micro approach and focusses on how relations and interactions shapes individuals and their identity

Question 19

explain - labelling

(interactionalism)

give an example.

Answer 19

labelling refers to the way a teacher deems a student to be based on initial interactions

Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968)- by labelling students as ‘bright’, they performed better despite no advantage of academic ability.

Question 20

explain - setting/streaming

(interactionalism)

Answer 20

By setting/streaming students, a student’s identity may be affected, affected their progress

Ball (1981)- top stream students were ‘warmed up’ by encouragement whereas lower stream students were ‘cooled down’ ending up in lower stream students achieving lower educational success

Smyth et al (2006)- found that students in lower streams have more negative attitudes towards education as it damages their self-esteem, creating a negative impact on their educational aspirations

Question 21

explain - educational triage

(interactionalism)

Answer 21

Gillborn and Youdell (2000) Argue that schools perform like triage by categorising pupils

‘achieve anyway’, ‘borderline’ and ‘hopeless’

There is pressure for schools to maintain their position in league tables (link between educational policies and processes in schools)

Question 22

explain - subcultures

(interactionalism)

Answer 22

Pro school subculture:

Students who generally conform to academic ethos and aims of school

Tends to be liked to students in upper stream sets

More likely to come from middle class/skilled working class background

Sewell (1998) found a pro school subculture among some black pupils (‘conformists’) who sought to achieve academic success and avoid racial stereotyping

Anti-school subculture:

Students who generally rebel against school ethos/aims and develop an anti-school identity

Consists of delinquent values and opposition to academic aims

Allows students to improve their self esteem by giving them status in the eyes of their peer group

Jackson (2006) - girls are increasingly becoming part of antischool subcultures and adopting ‘ladette’ behaviour (evidence also showed that many girl tried to achieve academic success by working clandestinely by hiding their work effort) and continuing to adopt ladette behaviour

Question 23

Why did Woods criticise the interactionalist view on subcultures?

Answer 23

Woods (1979) suggested that dividing pupil responses into two ‘poles’ was too simple and many students between a range of responses. For example, student responses may change as they get older/make subject or post-school career choices.

Question 24

evaluate the interactionalist perspective on education

Answer 24

+recognises the importance of what happens in schools and how this can shape pupils/outcomes

-too deterministic
one negative label is applied, negative outcome doesn’t always happen
Fuller (1980) found that black girls were a target of negative labelling, but often chose to reject this label through educational success

-ignores external factors
Doesn’t take into account structural, material and cultural external factors
Schools can no be held solely responsible from problems in school that have roots in outer society due to the structure of inequality