Intro Flashcards
Pharm is the study of
Substances that alter bodily functions when introduced into the organism
History of pharm
17th century
18th-20th century
60 yrs ago
Future
17th: Observation and experimentation began to replace theory. Science of drug prep began.
18-20th: Advances in chemistry allowed for understanding of how drugs work.
60 yrs ago: Controlled clinical trials began.
Future: Study genetic makeup and individual response to specific drugs.
True or false. Every drug you recommend will have side effects
TRUE. BUT not every patient will experience every side effect. There is always a little bad to go with the good.
Drug
Any substance that alters body function when introduced into a living organism. Has some effect on a specific target molecule (receptor).
Pharmacodynamics
The actions of a drug on the body. What does the drug do at the receptor?
Pharmacokinetics
The actions of the body on a drug. How the drug moves from site of administration to target and then out of the body. Absorption, metabolism, and excretion
Two types of agonists
Bind to and activates a receptor.
Full: Light switch on or off.
Partial: Dimmer light switch
Two types of antagonists
Prevents other molecules from binding to a receptor- so it cannot be activated.
Reversible or irreversible
Administration
How you give a drug
Absorption
1 body compartment to another.
Pro drug
A drug may reach its intended target as an active molecule or it might require conversion prior to being active. Usually metabolism.
3 steps to pharmacokinetics
Absorption–> Distribution –> Elimination
How can a drug be eliminated after it has an effect?
Metabolism
Kidney (most common)
5 Drug classifications
natural Pure Semi-synthetic Synthetic Biological
6 Drug classifications in terms of therapeutic effect
Anti: Hypertensives Convulsants bacterial Fungal Psychotic Arrhythmics
Drugs have 3 names
- Chemical name.
- Generic name (All drugs only have 1!)
- Brand name. Patented. One drug may have many trade names.
- Patent on a drug lasts how many years
- Trade name lasts for at least
- Time from patenting to marketing takes
- Exclusive rights to sell can be much shorter due to conditions and competition. Often includes the approval time which can be 5 years or more. Average is 11 yrs.
- 50 yrs.
- 8-10 years.
Efficacy
How well it works
Potency
Strength
Selectivity
Side effects
New drugs are developed through these approaches:
- Identification of new drug target.
- Design of new molecule based on understanding of receptor structure
- Screening for biological activity of natural products
- Chemical modification of known molecule. Copy cat
Drug screening
Depends on pharmacologic and therapeutic goal. Tested for other actions, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, animal studies to determine effect on organ system. All done before human studies.
Modifications may be made as a result Consider interactions with liver enzymes, potential for abuse, other drug interactions.
lead compound
The result of all drug screening procedures.
New command= patent application
Previously known chemical= Use patent
Lead compound moves to Preclinical testing after drug screening. Preclinical testing involves
Toxicity testing.
1. Acute toxicity (lowest dose with no effect and max tolerated dose)
2 Subacute toxicity (Long term- week to month- side effects?)
3. Chronic (Prolonged use)
4. Effect on reproductive organs
5. Carcinogenic
6. Mutagenic
