intro Flashcards
what is classic conditioning?
learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.
S-1 AND S-2
Response takes place even if conditions become more demanding.
who thinks its classic conditioning is only glandular or visceral ?
Skinner
Who thinks classic conditioning can also create other conditioned responses: skeletal (motor response)?
pavlov
what is Sign tracking OR autoshaping?
Pecking happens without prior training or shaping.
Classic conditioning procedure + classical conditioning stimulus!
what is operant conditioning?
Relation between behavior and consequence. R-S
what is the Control problem in Pavlovian conditioning?
Proving that changed behavior after presenting with CS = only result of CS-US
usually habituation not a problem = decreased behavior <> pavlovian learning is increased behavior. Sensitization is a problem
what is random control?
RESCORLA
CS and US presented repeatedly but at random times and independently of each other.
Problem: not neutral base line. Associative learning can develop if CS and US happen to be presented at random at same time.
Or if US is alone > background association
what is Discriminative control?
2 types of CS used. CS+ and CS-
Example: light and sound. CS+ is sound and presentation of US (shock). CS- is light and no US is presented
Association = only if CS+ response is more than CS-
Controls for:
only CS sensitization
only US sensitization
or dishabituation
problem: interpretation of effect
what is unpaired control?
CS and US presented, but scheduled so that CS and US never occur together
What is S-R learning?
Conditioned response CR is direct consequence of CS
US is the cause of associative learning (shock) but is not learned in the association
Pavlovian
What is S-S learning?
CR happens indirectly through representation of US (shock).
US also learned within mental model.
CS makes you think of US and causes CR.
Motivational value of US regulates CR
Pavlovian
What is the experiment of US devaluation?
Proves S-S learning
Holloway & Domjan
Male quale - motivation changed. Proven that S-S happened because CR decreased after US motivation decreased.
What is latent inhibition?
Latent inhibition: pre exposure fase retards reaction to US
explained as attention effect > less attention because of pre exposure with no consequence
Pre exposure fase: presentation of stimulus alone (tone) that will later become CS.
What is CS-US relevance and selective association?
US activates behavior that corresponds with it.
Food > feeding system activated > in pigeons visual response high
Selective CS - US association:
Pigeons are more likely to associate visual stimulus with food than auditory. Food > visual
However shock and auditory cue is stronger conditioned than shock and visual!.
shock > auditory
experiment selective conditioning shows…?
Garcia & Koelling
result= illness and taste is stronger
Result = shock and audio visual stronger
What are the stimulus CS-US important relationships?
Temporal: CS-US Signal relationships: CS-US Higher order relationships Conditioned inhibition Conditioned facilitation
This influences if learning occurs and what learning occurs
What is the temporal link effective CS-US?
Simultaneous: CS and US at same time
Delayed: CS..few seconds .. US. US is presented when CS is still presented. There is an overlap!
Trace conditioning: CS……longer time passes.. US. CS is no longer presented when US is given. NO overlap!
> KAMIN proves trace reduced effectivity!
Result:
Delayed is best in learning classical conditioning - simultaneous least effective
What is the effect of CS-US interval?
How much time passes between start CS and presentation US. is interstimulus interval
Experiment: Nictitating membrane response - > best response is a few seconds delay
conditioned suppression > best response is a few minutes delay
Garcia: taste aversion
long delay - learning > best result a few hours .
what is CS-US contingency (contingentie?)
Presence of one stimulus can serve as basis predicting other stimulus.
2 probabilities:
Probability US occurs if CS is present p(US/CS)
- Probability US occurs when CS is not present
(p(US/ no CS)
Positive contingency:
p(US/CS) is higher
Than
p(US/ NO CS)
= excitatory conditioning
what is inhibitory conditioning and CS-US contingency?
p(US/ NO CS)
Higher than
p(US/CS)
What is perfect contingency?
Perfect contingency is when US never occurs when CS is not present.
0 contingency: if US occurs equally often with CS as without CS (RANDOM control procedure)
What is performance theory (performantie theorie) of learning?
VP/US contingency > influences behavioral expression
of CS-US association
What is zero contingency effect ?
= context clue conditioning
p (US/CS) equals p(US/ no CS) = 0.5
US alone trails:
- Kan de US-CS associatie blokkeren
- Can block expression of US-CS behavior > comparator model see late
What is contiguity (contiguïteit) ?
Presenting US- with CS in same space and time = not enough for pavlovian conditioning to happen
What is blocking?
KAMIN
CS must be not-redundant
Proven by : BLOCKING effect
Presenting target CS with another cue (which was previously conditioned with same US) that already predicts US.
The target CS will be redundant - you will not learn much about it
> all stimuli have positive contingency with US!
Phase 1: Noise + shock
Phase 2: noise + light(CS) + shock
Test: light
what is conditioned inhibition?
CS becomes signal for no-US
When US was expected because of contextual clues!
Only significant that US is not presented if US was expected!
2 conditioned stimuli presented:
A is signal for US»_space;> red light > no driving
Alternated with…
A+ B no-CS > red light + traffic officer = drive
Blocks hesitation to cross road when traffic officer and red light are combined > result is traffic officer is conditioned inhibitor
what is Negative - CS-US contingency?
expectation that US will not occur when CS has been presented
p(US/CS) less likely than
p(US/ no CS)
CS- Conditioned inhibition: behavioral manifestation How does it work?
inhibitory CS > suppresses the CR
CS- is difficult to detect
what is the summation test?
Phase 1: you train a excitatory CS+
For example - tone+ food until it is well associated and measure the base rate.
Phase 2: you add stimulus of which you suspects is an inhibitor CS-.
if the baseline significantly decreases when you add the CS- to the CS+ test.. . you know CS- is the inhibitor
what is RETARDATION OF ACQUISITION TEST?
Using a stimulus that is a inhibitor will slow down using that same stimulus as an excitatory stimulus.
So going from C- to C+ will take longer…
