Intro Flashcards
Describe the anatomical position
Define the 8 key terms of anatomical relationship used in anatomy and the clinic.
Are the pinkies lateral or medial? Is the big toe lateral or medial?
Anatomical position = standing erect and facing forward, arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward, legs placed together with feet facing forward
- Anterior (ventral) - Near the front
- Posterior (dorsal) - Near the back
- Superior (cranial) - Upward, or near the head
- Inferior (caudal) - Downward, or near the feet
- Medial - Toward the midline or median plane
- Lateral - Farther from the midline or median plane
- Proximal - Near a reference point
- Distal - Away from a reference point
Big toe is medial are lateral, pinkie is medial
Define the 4 key terms of anatomical relationship used to describe parts inside the body.
Describe the terms for anatomical relationships that are specific to the hands and feet.
- External - Closer to the skin
- Internal - Farther from the skin
- Superficial - Closer to the surface
- Deep - Farther from the surface
- Palmar (volar) - Palms
- Dorsal - Back of hands
- Plantar - Bottom of foot
- Dorsal - Top of foot
What 4 anatomical terms used to describe nerves?
Describe the supine and prone position.
- Visceral - related to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands (gut/organs)
- Somatic - related to skin and skeletal muscle (body wall)
- Afferent - (sensory) nerve going towards the organ
- Efferent - (motor) nerve going away from the organ
Supine has the stomach up, feet up and palms down
Prone has the stomach down, palms up, and feet down.
What are the four distinct body planes?
What plane separates anterior and posterior?
- Median, Sagittal (midline) - equal parts
- Longitudinal, Parasagittal, Paramedian (parallel to midline)
- Frontal, Coronal - if walked into a door (equal or unequal)
- Transverse, Horizontal (axial, cross section) - if chopped down like a tree (equal or unequal)
- All other planes are oblique
The Coronal plane seperates anterior from posterior
What are all the different anatomical terms for movement?
Describe the anatomical movements in “Staying Alive” dance
- Flexion - Bending movement that decreases the angle between a segment and its proximal segment. When a joint can move forward and backward, such as the neck and trunk, flexion refers to movement in the anterior direction.
- Extension - Straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts. When a joint can move forward and backward, such as the neck and trunk, extension refers to movement in the posterior direction.
- Abduction - Away from the midline
- Adduction - Towards the midline
- Supination - Occurs when the forearm or palm are rotated outwards. Supination of the foot refers to turning of the sole of the foot inwards, shifting weight to the lateral edge
- Pronation - Rotational movement where the hand and upper arm are turned inwards. Pronation of the foot refers to turning of the sole outwards, so that weight is borne on the medial part of the foot.
- Opposition - the movement that involves grasping of the thumb and fingers
- Rotation - Rotation of body parts is referred to as internal or external, referring to rotation towards or away from the center of the body
- Circumduction - conical movement of a body part, such as a ball and socket jointor the eye. Circumduction is a combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction. Circumduction can be best performed at ball and socket joints, such as the hip and shoulder, but may also be performed by other parts of the body such as fingers, hands, feet, and head.
Describe radiolucent?
Will parts of the body that are more radiolucent appear lighter or darker?
Which parts of the body will appear white in an X-ray?
What parts of the body will be lightest and darkest in an X-ray?
Radiolucent = x-rays pass through very easily so appear black on film because the ray is not bouncing off or blocked by anything
Radiodense = come up as white on x-ray because they block x-rays
How does the X-ray pass through the patient in a PA view?
How does the patient’s position affect the appearance of the structures?
View: Posterior-Anterior (PA)
The X-ray beam enters the patient from posterior to anterior.
This means the anterior structures are normal size while the posterior structures are magnified.
What is the patient’s orientation in a standard view CT?
Describe the position of the patient in anatomical terms in a CT standard view.
What anatomical plane are the images in?
Computer Tomography (CT) Radiography. Patient’s right is the reader’s left
“Standing at the foot of the bed looking superiorly at the supine patient”
A CT scanner collects a series of images in the axial (transverse plane)
What exactly does an MRI capture and why type of image is produced?
What anatomical plane are the images in?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Use of strong magnetic fields and radio waves (non-ionizing) to determine hydrogen - rich tissue (water / fat).
Strong magnets align hydrogen’s free protons (the hydrogen in molecules of water present in almost all biologic tissues). Then a radio wave pulse passes through the patient and deflects the protons, which return to their aligned state but emit small radio pulses whose strength, frequency, and time produce distinct signals. Computers then analyze these signals and create axial, coronal, and sagittal images
What are the components of the peripheral nervous system?
Why are anterior ramis longer and larger?
Which rami does the extremities?
Map out the location and different components of the peripheral nervous system including all nerves, the spinal cord, the spinal ganglion, the spinar nerve, the posterior primary ramus, and the anterior primary ramus.
Where does the spinal cord terminate?
Which nerves and ganglia are responsible for receiving and transmitting information from the environment to the CNS? Where in the CNS do they transmit to?
Which afferent neurons have sensory ganglia and where do they connect to the CNS?
What is the difference between special sensation and general sensation?
Which nerves and ganglia transmit information generated in the CNS to the periphery? Where is the information in the CNS?
What are the two primary sensory inputs (afferents)?
What are dermatomes?
Where is the nipple located?
Where is the umbilicus located?
What are the two types of motor output of the PNS?
Describe the pathway of the voluntary motor output.
What is the difference between the dermatome and the myotome?
Describe the pathway of the involuntary motor output (efferents).
What are the two subdivisions of the involuntary motor output pathway and how are they different in location and quality?
Which subdivision could be referred to as the “accelerator”?
Where do the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system originate and synapse?
Which autonomic system is responsibel fore care and well-being?
What types of action does each subdivision promote?
In the parasympathetic nervous system, where do preganglionic neurons come from? Where do postganglionic neurons come from?
In the sympathetic nervous system, where do preganglionic neurons come from? Where do postganglionic neurons come from?
Draw a summary of all the components of the autonomic nervous system
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Label the sensory input pathways
Label the motor output pathways
Label the sympathetic nervous system.
