Axilla, Arm & Cubital Fossa

Question 1

What are the axilla boundaries - pyramidal structure?

Answer 1

Question 2

What are the contents of the axilla?

Answer 2

A. Axillary artery and vein

B. Brachial plexus of nerves

C. Axillary lymph nodes

Question 3

Describe the location of the axillary artery?

Answer 3

A. Location

1. continuation of subclavian artery
2. becomes axillary at lateral border of 1st rib
3. axillary becomes brachial artery at

inferior (distal) edge of teres major muscle

Question 4

Which muscle subdivides the axillary and what are the subdivisions?

Answer 4

Question 5

What are the branches of the axillary artery?

Answer 5

1. one branch on 1st part: supreme thoracic artery
2. two branches on 2nd part
   a) thoracoacromial artery (4 branches)
   b) lateral thoracic artery
3. three branches on 3rd part
   a) subscapular artery
   1) scapular circumflex artery
   2) thoracodorsal artery
   b) anterior humeral

circumflex artery

c) posterior humeral

circumflex artery

Question 6

Describe the location of the axillary vein?

Answer 6

Question 7

What are the tributaries of the axillary vein?

Answer 7

Question 8

Describe the location of the brachial plexus of nerves

Answer 8

A. Location

1. derived from 5 anterior (ventral) primary rami (C5 - T1)
2. pass through axilla around axillary artery to innervate superior extremity
3. begin as roots, form into trunks, subdivide into divisions, reunite as cords and divide into branches

Question 9

What are the roots and trunks of the brachial plexus of nerves?

Answer 9

Question 10

How are the branches of the brachial plexus of nerves subdivided from trunks into chords?

Answer 10

Question 11

Label the right brachial plexus of nerves

Answer 11

Question 12

What are the branches of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus of nerves? How does it terminate?

Answer 12

4. cords
   a) named in relation to axillary artery
   b) posterior (C5 - T1)
5. terminates as radial nerve (C5 - T1) and axillary nerve (C5, C6)
6. three branches
   
   1. upper subscapular nerve (C5, C6) innervates subscapularis muscle
   2. thoracodorsal nerve (C6 – C8) innervates latissimus dorsi muscle
   3. lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6) innervates subscapularis and teres major muscles

Question 13

What are the branches of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus of nerves and how does it terminate?

Answer 13

Question 14

What are the branches of the medial cord of the brachial plexus of nerves and how does it terminate?

Answer 14

Medial cord (C8, T1)

1) terminates as ulnar nerve (C8, T1) and medial head of median nerve (C8, T1)

Question 15

What are the axillary nodes and where are they located?

Answer 15

A. Apical nodes

1. located near apex
2. give rise to subclavian lymphatic trunk
3. all other axillary nodes drain into apical nodes

B. Central nodes

1. located along axillary vein beneath pectoralis minor muscle
2. drain to apical nodes
3. receive lymph from other axillary nodes

C. Lateral nodes

1. located along lateral portion of axillary vein
2. drain arm, forearm, hand
3. pass lymph to central and apical nodes

D. Subscapular nodes

1. located on costal surface of subscapularis muscle
2. drain shoulder
3. pass lymph to central and apical nodes

E. Pectoral nodes

1. located along lateral thoracic vein between pectoral muscles
2. drain pectoral region and breast
3. pass lymph to central and apical nodes

Question 16

What type of injuries lead to Erb-Duchenne paralysis?

Answer 16

Question 17

What type of injuries lead to Klumpke’s paralysis?

Answer 17

Question 18

What is the osteology of the distal anterior portion of the humerus?

Answer 18

Question 19

What is the osteology of the distal posterior portion of the humerus?

Answer 19

Question 20

What is the osteology of the ulna?

Answer 20

Question 21

What is the osteology of the radius?

Answer 21

Question 22

What is the osteology of the elbow joint?

Answer 22

Question 23

What are the bony landmarks of the upper extremity?

Answer 23

1. epicondyles (lateral and medial)
2. olecranon process of the ulna
3. posterior border of ulna
   a. head
   b. styloid process
4. distal portion of radius and styloid process

Question 24

What are the soft tissue landmarks of the upper extremity?

Answer 24

Question 25

How are the cutaneous structures of the arm innervated?

Answer 25

Question 26

How are the cutaneous structures of the anterior forearm innervated?

Answer 26

Question 27

How are the cutaneous structures of the posterior forearm innervated?

Answer 27

Question 28

How is the palmar side of the hand innervated?

Answer 28

Question 29

What is the venous drainage system of the cutaneous structures of Upper Extremity?

Answer 29

Question 30

What is the lymphatic drainage system of the cutaneous structures of Upper Extremity?

Answer 30

Question 31

What are the muscles of the arm?

Answer 31

A. Anterior (flexor) compartment

1. biceps brachii muscle
   a. long head
   b. short head
2. coracobrachialis muscle
3. brachialis muscle

B. Posterior (extensor) compartment

1. triceps brachii muscle
   a. long head
   b. lateral head
   c. medial head
2. anconeus muscle

C. See Table 1

Question 32

Answer 32

Question 33

Answer 33

Question 34

What nerve innervates the arm flexor muscles?

Answer 34

Question 35

Answer 35

Question 36

What nerve innervates the arm extensor muscles?

Answer 36

Question 37

Answer 37

Question 38

What is the arterial supply to the arm musculature?

Answer 38

Question 39

Answer 39

Question 40

What are the boundaries of the cubital fossa?

Answer 40

Question 41

What are the contents of the cubital fossa from medial to lateral?

Answer 41

Question 42

What are the collateral anastomoses of the cubital fossa, proximal (collateral) to distal (recurrent)?

Answer 42

Question 43

Answer 43

Question 44

What nerve is damaged when the humerus fractures?

Answer 44

Question 45

Where is blood drawn?

Answer 45

Question 46

What is the difference between a cutaneous nerve and a dermatome?

Answer 46

Question 47

Answer 47