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Gross Anatomy Exam I > Forearm and Hand > Flashcards

Forearm and Hand Flashcards

1
Q

What is the osteology of the ulna?

A
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2
Q

What is the osteology of the radius?

A
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3
Q

What is the osteology of the 2 rows of bones pictured?

A

Carpal bones

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4
Q

What is the osteology of the metacarpals and phalanges?

A
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5
Q

What are the joints of the wrist and hand?

Label the joints pictured.

A

Carpal joints & metacarpal and phalageal joints

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6
Q

Label the ligaments pictured.

What joint are they part of?

A
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7
Q

What are the metacarpal and phalangeal joints?

What are their different movements and along which axis?

A
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8
Q

What are the different muscle groups of the flexor forearm?

Which muscle group of the flexor forearm is pictured and what muscles are included? Which tendon do their arise from?

A

A. Superficial group

B. Middle group

C. Deep group

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9
Q

Which flexor forearm muscle group is pictured and what muscles are included?

Which tendon do their arise from and where?

A
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10
Q

Which flexor forearm muscle group is pictured and what muscles are included?

Which tendon do their arise from?

A
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11
Q

How are the muscles of the flexor forearm innervated?

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12
Q

What is the blood supply of the forearm?

A

1. brachial artery

2. radial artery

a. radial recurrent artery
b. muscular branches - superficial extensors
c. palmar carpal branch
d. superficial palmar branch
e. deep palmar arch

3. ulnar artery

a. ulnar recurrent arteries - anterior and posterior
b. common interosseous artery
c. muscular branches - superficial flexors
d. dorsal and palmar carpal branches
e. superficial palmar arch
f. deep palmar arch

4. common interosseous artery

a. posterior interosseous artery
1) supplies deep extensors
2) interosseous recurrent artery
b. anterior interosseous artery
1) supplies deep flexors
2) posterior branch
3) anterior branch

5. median artery (anomalous)

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13
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A
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14
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A
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15
Q
A
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16
Q

What is the artery labelled? What are its tributaries and what nerve does it run with?

A

The anterior interosseous artery is one of the two branches of the short common interosseous artery (from the ulnar artery). The artery courses deep in the anterior compartment of the forearm on the anterior surface of the interosseous membrane along with the anterior interosseous nerve (from the median nerve).

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17
Q

What are the muscle groups of the extensor forearm?

Label the muscle group of the extensor forearm pictured and the muscles in it.

List the muscles from lateral to medial.

From which tendon do they arise?

A

A. Superficial
B. Deep

C. Extensor retinaculum

D. Phalangeal insertions

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18
Q

Label the muscle group of the extensor forearm pictured and the muscles in it.

List the muscles from lateral to medial.

A
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19
Q

Label the structures featured.

A
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20
Q

How are the muscles of the extensor forearm innervated?

A
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21
Q

Label the nerves pictured and write what they innervate

A
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22
Q

What is the arterial supply to the muscle groups of the extensor forearm?

A

1. Posterior interosseous artery

a. branch of common interosseous artery – ulnar artery
b. supplies deep extensor muscles
c. recurrent interosseous artery

2. Radial artery

a. supplies superficial extensor muscles
b. dorsal carpal artery
c. 1st dorsal metacarpal artery
d. deep palmer arch

3. Dorsal carpal arch

a. dorsal carpal artery - radial artery
b. dorsal carpal artery - ulnar artery
c. anterior interosseous artery
d. dorsal metacarpal arteries provide dorsal digital branches

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23
Q

Label the arteries

A
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24
Q

Label the arteries.

A
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25
Q

What are the different compartments of the hand?

A

A. Thenar compartment

B. Central compartment

C. Hypothenar compartment

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26
Q

What muscles are in the thernar compartment of the hand and how are they innervated?

A
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27
Q

Label the muscles.

From which compartment of the hand are they from?

A
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28
Q

Label the muscles.

From which compartment of the hand are they from?

A
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29
Q

What muscles are in the central compartment?

How is each muscle innervated?

A

B. Central compartment

1. tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis & profundus muscles

a. superficialis tendon splits to allow profundus tendon to reach distal phalanx
b. vincula longa and brevia

2. lumbrical muscles (4)

a. lateral 2 - median nerve
b. medial 2 - ulnar nerve

3. adductor pollicis muscle

a. transverse head
b. oblique head
c. ulnar nerve - deep branch

4. interosseus muscles

a. palmar (3) - adductors (PAD)
b. dorsal (4) - abductors (DAB)
c. ulnar nerve - deep branch

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30
Q

Label the muscles.

From which compartment of the hand are they from?

A
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31
Q

Label the muscles.

From which compartment of the hand are they from?

A
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32
Q

Label the muscles and their nerves.

From which compartment of the hand are they from?

A
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33
Q

Which way do the dorsal interossei and palmar interossei act on the hand?

A
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34
Q

What muscles are in the hypothernar compartment?

A

C. Hypothenar compartment

  1. abductor digiti minimi muscle
  2. flexor digiti minimi muscle (brevis)
  3. opponens digiti minimi muscle
  4. ulnar nerve
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35
Q

Label the muscles

From which compartment are the muscles from?

A
36
Q

What nerves innervate the hand?

A

A. Median nerve

  1. cutaneous
  2. muscular

B. Ulnar nerve

  1. cutaneous
  2. muscular
37
Q

What parts of the hand does the median nerve innervate?

A
38
Q

Which nerve innervates this part of the hand?

A
39
Q

What parts of the hand does the ulnar nerve innervate?

A
40
Q

What is the arterial supply of the hand?

A

Ulnar and radial artery

41
Q

What are the different branches of the ulnar artery that supply the hand?

A
42
Q

What are the different branches of the radial artery that supply the hand?

A
43
Q

Label the arteries.

A
44
Q

Label the arteries.

A
45
Q

What are common places of infection in the hand?

A
46
Q

What is the most common wrist injury?

A
47
Q

What causes carpal tunnel syndrome?

A
48
Q

What is the Allen test?

A

Allen’s test is performed before radial artery cannulation to determine whether ulnar collateral circulation to the hand is adequate in case of radial artery thrombosis. The hand is exsanguinated by having the patient make a tight fist. The radial and ulnar arteries are occluded by manual compression, the patient relaxes the hand, and the pressure over the ulnar artery is released. Collateral flow is assessed by measuring the time required for return of normal coloration. Return of color in less than 5 seconds indicates adequate collateral flow, return in 5 to 10 seconds suggests an equivocal test, and return in more than 10 seconds indicates inadequate collateral circulation. In 25% of the population the collateral circulation to the hand is inadequate.

49
Q

Entrapment syndromes usually involve which muscles?

A
50
Q

Which two structures do not pass through the carpal tunnel as they go distally towards the palmar?

What artery forms the superficial palmar arch?

How does blood get to the palmar side of the fingers?

What is the major motor nerve of the hand?

A

Ulna artery and the ulna nerve

Ulna artery

The ulnar artery becomes the superficial palmar arch and branching off that is the common digiti arteries with lateral digiti extensions and then going into the finger tips to become the proper digiti arteries.

The ulnar nerve.

51
Q

What are the landmarks of the snuff box?

A
52
Q

N/O/I/A: Aconeus

A
53
Q

N/O/I/A: Supinator

A
54
Q

N/O/I/A: Extensor carpi radialis longus

A
55
Q

N/O/I/A: Extensor carpi radialis brevis

A
56
Q

N/O/I/A: Extensor carpi ulnaris

A
57
Q

N/O/I/A: Extensor digitorum

A
58
Q

N/O/I/A: Extensor indicis

A
59
Q

N/O/I/A: Extensor digiti minimi

A
60
Q

N/O/I/A: Abductor pollicis longus

A
61
Q

N/O/I/A: Extensor pollicis brevis

A
62
Q

N/O/I/A: Extensor pollicis longus

A
63
Q

N/O/I/A: Brachioradialis

A
64
Q

N/O/I/A: Pronator teres

A
65
Q

N/O/I/A: Pronator quadratus

A
66
Q

N/O/I/A: Flexor carpi radialis

A
67
Q

N/O/I/A: Flexor carpi ulnaris

A
68
Q

N/O/I/A: Palmaris longus

A
69
Q

N/O/I/A: Flexor digitorum superficialis

A
70
Q

N/O/I/A: Flexor digitorum profundas

A
71
Q

N/O/I/A: Flexor pollicis longus

A
72
Q

N/O/I/A: Abductor poliicis brevis

A
73
Q

N/O/I/A: Flexor pollicis brevis

A
74
Q

N/O/I/A: Opponens pollicis

A
75
Q

N/O/I/A: Abductor digiti minimi

A
76
Q

N/O/I/A: Flexor digiti minimi brevis

A
77
Q

N/O/I/A: Opponens digiti minimi

A
78
Q

N/O/I/A: Palmaris brevis

A
79
Q

N/O/I/A: Adductor pollicis

A
80
Q

N/O/I/A: Lumbricals

A
81
Q

N/O/I/A: Palmar interossei

A
82
Q

N/O/I/A: Dorsal interossei

A
83
Q

What are the symptoms and common sites of radial nerve entrapment?

A

The site of the radial nerve in the spiral groove is considered a site of entrapment, but most commonly occurs as a result of fracture. The more common and accepted site of entrapment in the upper arm is the area where the the radial nerve travels deep to the lateral head of the triceps and pierces the intermuscular septum.

The radial tunnel is considered to be the most common entrapment site of the radial nerve.

Typically symptoms present as lateral and distal pain in the elbow, hand pain and weakness of the extensors of the fingers and wrist.

84
Q

What are the symptoms of median nerve entrapment and common sites?

A

The nerve may become trapped in the neurovascular bundle in the upper portion of the arm, as it is traveling through the coracopectoral tunnel.

The median nerve may also become trapped in the tissues as it crosses the elbow joint into the cubital fossa as it descends between the brachialis muscle and the bicipital aponeurosis. Entrapment at this site is typically caused from a forced resisted flexion of the elbow, which increases tension on the brachialis muscle and the aponeurosis of the biceps brachii. As the median nerve exits the cubital tunnel and enters between the two heads of the pronator teres the median nerve has another opportunity to become entrapped. The more superficial head of the pronator teres is large and mostly muscular in nature, where the deep head is smaller and mostly tendinous in nature. The two heads are approximated as the forearm is put into pronation, which compresses the median nerve passing between them.

Median nerve is further exposed to entrapment along its course between the flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus by fibrous bands and variant branches of small muscle fibers.

the recurrent branch may become compressed at the distal aspect of the transverse carpal ligament and produce symptoms that affect the muscles of the thenar eminence

A radial nerve injury usually causes symptoms in the back of your hand, near your thumb, and in your index and middlefingers. Symptoms may include a sharp or burning pain, as well as unusual sensations in your thumb and fingers. It’s common to experience numbness, tingling, and trouble straightening your arm

85
Q

What are the symptoms of ulnar nerve entrapment and common sites?

A

The groove on the posterior aspect of the medial epicondyle is considered a site of frequent compression of the ulnar nerve.

Variant musculature in the region of the hypothenar muscles has also been described as having a compressive effect on the ulnar nerve.

intermittent numbness and tingling in the ring and pinkie fingers.

a weak grip in the affected hand.

a feeling of the pinkie and ring fingers “falling asleep”

difficulty controlling fingers for precise tasks, such as typing or playing an instrument.

Gross Anatomy Exam I (12 decks)

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