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RUSVM Pharmacology > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What is a drug?

A

Substance recognized in an official pharmacopoeia

Substance used for diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of a disease

Substance other than food intended to affect structure/function of the body

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2
Q

What is pharmacology

A

Study of interactions of drugs with living systems

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3
Q

What is the science of drug preparation

A

Pharmacy

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4
Q

Study of poisons and their treatments

A

Toxicology

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5
Q

What is the difference between pharmokinestics and pharmodynamics?

A

Pharmokinetics = absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (deposition an movement of drug in the body)

Pharmodynamics = mechanism of action of the drug

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6
Q

What database is used to determine food residues and withdraw times of food animals?

A

FARAD

Food animal residue avoidance databank

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7
Q

What are the 4 catagories of drugs

A

OTC
Prescription
Biologics
Controlled

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8
Q

How are controlled drugs regulated and how are they rated?

A

Regulated by DEA

5 classes based on potential for abuse - class 1 has highest abuse potential

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9
Q

What are the factors that modify drug dose and response

A

Animal related
Drug related
Environment

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10
Q

How must you consider species differences when modifying drug dose and response?

A

Anatomical/physiological/biochemical differences

Vomiting animals
Urine pH
Drug metabolizing enzymes
Plasma binding proteins

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11
Q

What breed is sensitive to ivermectin

A

Collies

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12
Q

What species are sensitive to phenothiazanes??

A

Boxers

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13
Q

What species are tolerant to droperidotfentanyl

A

Australian terriers

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14
Q

On the individual level, how can drug response differ?

A

Genetic differences can lead to tolerance, sensitivities to certain drugs

Idiosyncratic reactions

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15
Q

What differences are seen in the newborn that alter drug response

A

Decreased metabolism, excretion
Decreased blood brain barrier
Increased total body water
Decreased plasma protein binding

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16
Q

Young animals are susceptible to what adverse side effect by tetracycline ?

A

Yellow discoloration of teeth (animals with dental development)

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17
Q

Young animals are susceptible to what adverse side effect by fluoroquniolones

A

Cartilage damage

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18
Q

Young animals are susceptible to what adverse side effect by glucocorticoids?

A

Growth inhibition

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19
Q

In geriatric patients, what changes will modify drug response

A

Decreased metabolism, cardiac output, renal function, hepatic blood flow

Other chronic disease

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20
Q

What differences are seen between males and females that can affect drug response?

A

Females generally have more fat than males
Reproductive cycle in females (pregnancy and lactation)

Differences in drug biotransformation

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21
Q

Calm animals may need lower doses of _____________ than aggressive animals

A

CNS depressants

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22
Q

What is an idiosyncratic reaction

A

Genetically determined unpredictable abnormal reactions

Not dose dependent and require drug withdrawal

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23
Q

Most idiosyncratic reactions are caused by the formation of ______________________ which can bind to cellular macromolecules and result in cell damage

A

Reactive drug metabolites

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24
Q

What idiosyncratic reaction can enrofloxacin cause in cats?

A

Retinal damage

25
Q

What idiosyncratic reaction can griseofulvin cause in cats?

A

Liver damage

26
Q

What idiosyncratic reaction can occur with captopril in dogs

A

Renal disease

27
Q

When drug acts as an antigen and antigen-antibody reactions cause and immune response

A

Hypersensitivity

Some drugs act as hapten

28
Q

How can disease affect drug response?

A

Liver disease decrease drug metabolism
Kidney disease decrease renal excretion
Heart failure decreased organ blood flow and renal excretion

29
Q

___________ is unusual resistance to the ordinary dose of the drug

A

Tolerance

30
Q

What are the four types of tolerance

A

Natural
Acquired- enzyme induction/increase excretion
Cross tolerance
Tachyphylaxis - acute acquired tolerance

31
Q

Will absorption be faster before or after meals?

A

Before

32
Q

CNS stimulants are more effective during the _______ and CNS depressants are more effective at ________

A

Day; night

33
Q

When the rate of elimination is slower than the rate of absorption

A

Cumulation

34
Q

What is a drug-drug interaction

A

Administration of drugs concurrently or sequentially

35
Q

What is an example of combined antihypertensive therapy, beneficial drug interactions

A

ACE inhibitor- thiazide diuretic

ACE inhibitors elevate potassium levels
Thiazide decreased postassium levels

36
Q

Trimethoprim-sulfonamide or PenicillinG- streptomycin are examples of what beneficial drug drug interaction

A

Combined antimicrobial therapy

37
Q

Why do two aminoglycoside antibiotics concurrently produce an undesirable drug interactions

A

Both are nephrotoxic - kidney damage

38
Q

What are the four types of drug-drug interactions?

A

Summation
Potentiation
Synergism
Antagonism

39
Q

What is summation of a drug?

A

The sum of the effects of drugs (1+1=2)

40
Q

What is potentiation of a drug?

A

Combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of the two drugs acting independently (have different actions/affects)

41
Q

What is synergism

A

Exaggeration of the effect of a drug by giving another drug that has the same action

42
Q

What is an example two drugs that have summation

A

Two anticholinergics

43
Q

Examples of drugs with potentiation effect?

A

Probenecid-penicillin G

Epinephrine-procaine

44
Q

What are examples of drugs with a synergistic effect?

A

Neuroleptic-inhalation anesthetic

Trimethoprim-sulfonamide

45
Q

What is drug antagonism

A

Administration of a drug results in the decrease in the pharmacological response of another drug

46
Q

What are the 4 types of antagonism?

A

Physical -binds partial on surface (eg activated charcoal)

Chemical - chemical bond to drug (eg EDTA and lead)

Physiological - antagonize effect of drug; not the mechanism; acts on a different receptor (eg epinephrine and histamine)

Pharmacological -acts on the same receptor/mechanism

47
Q

What are the two types of pharmacological antagonism?

A

Competitive- reversible binding; concentration dependent (e.g. atropine and ACh)

Noncompetitive- irreversible binding; not concentration dependent; time dependent (e phenoxybenzamine and epinephrine)

48
Q

What are pharmacodynamic interactions by two drugs

A

Two drugs act on the same receptor

49
Q

What are pharmacokinetic interactions between two drugs

A

Alter

  • absorption
  • distribution
  • biotransformation
  • excretion
50
Q

How can a drug alter absorption of another drug

A

Inhibit or enhance

Calcium binds tetracycline = inhibit absorption

Epinephrine subcutaneously inhibits systemic absorption of local anesthetic

51
Q

How can a drug alter the distribution of another dug?

A

Strongly bound drugs to plasma proteins (eg phynylbutazone/aspirin) displaces weakly bound dugs (eg warfarin) => more free drug => more effect

52
Q

Enzyme___________ may decrease the effects of other drugs

A

Inducers

Increased biotransformation
Eg phonobabital is an enzyme inducer

53
Q

Enzyme _____________ may increase the effects of other drugs

A

Inhibitors

Decreased biotransformation
Eg chloramphenicol is an enzyme inhibitor

54
Q

What will enhance the renal excretion of weak acidic drugs?

A

Urinary alkalinizers

Sodium bicarbonate

55
Q

What will enhance renal excretion of weak basic drugs ?

A

Urinary acidifiers

Ammonium chloride

56
Q

______________ inhibits tubular secretion of penicillin G by competing on the carrier molecule

A

Probenecid

57
Q

What are examples of drug incompatibility

A

Vit B compels with many solutions of antibiotics
Xylazine with thiopental
Tetracycline with calcium
Sodium bicarbonate with epinephrine

58
Q

What environment factors can affect drug response?

A

Ambient temperature
Humidity
Oxygen

RUSVM Pharmacology (18 decks)

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