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Endocrinology > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What is a circadian rhythm?

A

Physiological changes that occur normally as part of a 24 hour period

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2
Q

What are some examples of things that change in a circadian rhythm? How do they change?

A

Body temperature - decreases with sleep

Cortisol - increases with sleep

Melatonin - increases with sleep

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3
Q

What is the biological clock?

A

Small group of neurones in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the brain

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4
Q

What are the inputs to the biological clock?

A

Changes in the environment to do with

  • light
  • temperature
  • eating/drinking pattern
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5
Q

What is the function of the biological clock?

A

Responsible for putting into effect the circadian rhythm

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6
Q

What causes jet lag?

A

Mismatch of environmental inputs

and the biological clock output

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7
Q

What secretes melatonin?

A

Pineal gland

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8
Q

What is the function of melatonin?

A

Sets the biological clock

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9
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Change away from set point causes response to reverse the direction of change

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10
Q

What is a classic example of negative feedback in endocrinology?

A

The HP axis

involves short loops, long loops and ultra short loops of negative feedback

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11
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Change away from set point causes response to give more change in same direction

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12
Q

When is positive feedback used?

A

When a rapid change is desirable

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13
Q

What are some examples of positive feedback?

A

Blood clotting (e.g. thrombin burst)

Ovulation

Ferguson reflex - oxytocin and uterine contractions during childbirth

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14
Q

Which is more common - positive or negative feedback?

A

Negative feedback

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15
Q

What is responsible for detecting osmotic pressure of blood plasma?

A

Osmoreceptors

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16
Q

Where are osmoreceptors located?

A

Hypothalamus

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17
Q

What is normal blood osmolality?

A

275 - 295 mOsm/kg

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18
Q

What happens in response to osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detecting high blood osmolality?

A

Posterior pituitary secretes more ADH

Increased thirst

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19
Q

What is the effect of increased ADH secretion?

A

Increased reabsorption of water from urine into blood

in collecting ducts in kidney

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20
Q

What effect does increased reabsoprtion of water from urine have on urine?

A

Smaller volume of urine produced

and urine is more concentrated

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21
Q

What happens in response to osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detecting low blood osmolality?

A

Posterior pituitary secretes less ADH

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22
Q

What is the effect of decreased ADH secretion?

A

Decreased reabsorption of water from urine into blood

in collecting ducts in kidney

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23
Q

What effect does decreased reabsorption of water from urine have on urine?

A

Larger volume of urine produced

and urine is more dilute

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24
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Collection of glands throughout the body

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25
What are hormones?
Chemical signals produced in endocrine glands or tissues travel through bloodstream cause an effect on other tissues
26
Do only endocrine glands produce hormones?
No | other organs and tissues are release hormones
27
Which other organs or tissues produce hormones? What hormones?
Heart - ANP, BNP Liver - IGF-1 Stomach - Ghrelin Adipose - Leptin Kidney - EPO, renin, calcitriol
28
What are the glands of the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pineal gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Thymus gland Adrenal glands Pancreas Ovaries Testes
29
What is neurocrine secretion?
Hormone originates in neurone transported down axon released into bloodstream carried to distant target cells
30
What are the similarities between the nervous and endocrine systems?
Neurones and endocrine cells are capable of secreting Neurones and endocrine cells can be depolarised Some molecules are both hormones and neurotransmitters Mechanism of action involves interaction with specific receptors on target cells Both control homeostasis
31
What do neurones secrete? What do endocrine cells secrete?
Neurones - neurotransmitters Endocrine cells - hormones
32
Which system communicates faster - nervous or endocrine?
Nervous system
33
What is an example of a molecule that's both a neurotransmitter and a hormone?
Dopamine = Prolactin inhibiting hormone
34
What are the four categories of hormones?
Peptide/polypeptide Amino acid derivates Glycoproteins Steroids
35
What is the most common category of hormone?
Peptide/polypeptide
36
What are some examples of peptide/polypeptide hormones?
Insulin Glucagon Growth hormone
37
How do peptide/polypeptide hormones react to water?
Hydrophilic | water-soluble
38
What are amino acid derived hormones synthesised from specifically?
AROMATIC amino acids
39
What are some examples of amino acid derived hormones and their corresponding amino acid?
Tyrosine - adrenaline - noradrenaline - thyroid hormone Tryptophan -melatonin
40
Which of the amino acid derived hormones are water-soluble?
Adrenaline | Noreadrenaline
41
Which of the amino acid derived hormones are lipid-soluble?
Thyroid hormone
42
What is the structure of glycoprotein hormones?
Large protein molecules - often subunits of them | with carbohydrate side chain
43
What are some examples of glycoprotein hormones?
LH - leuteinising hormone FSH - follicle stimulating hormone TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone
44
How do glycoprotein hormones react to water?
Hydrophilic | Water soluble
45
What are steroid hormones derived from?
Cholesterol
46
What are some examples of steroid hormones?
Cortisol Aldosterone Testosterone
47
How do steroid hormones react to water?
Hydrophobic | insoluble in water, lipid-soluble
48
Which hormones travel in the blood as part of the solution?
Peptides Glycoprotein hormones Some amino acid-dervied hormones
49
How do insoluble hormones travel in the blood?
Bound to specific carrier proteins
50
What are the roles of carrier proteins?
Increase solubility of hormone in blood plasma Increase half life Form a reserve of hormone
51
Is the free form or the protein-bound form of the hormone biologically active?
Free form
52
How are the levels of free hormone and protein-bound bound hormone controlled?
Free hormone + carrier protein = protein-bound hormone | dynamic equilibrium between the two
53
What are the factors determining levels of hormone in the blood? Which is the most regulated?
Rate of production Rate of delivery - blood flow to tissue Rate of degradation Most regulated is rate of production
54
How are hormones degraded?
Metabolised and excreted from body
55
At what range of concentration do hormones circulate in the blood?
Picomolar | basically very low concentrations
56
How do hormones have effects on some cells and not others?
Target cells have specific receptors for the hormone Non-target cells have no receptors for the hormone so are unaffected by the hormone
57
Where are receptors for water-soluble hormones located?
Cell surface receptors
58
What are the two types of cell-surface receptors for water-soluble hormones?
GPCRs Tyrosine kinase receptors
59
How do tyrosine kinase receptors work?
Ligand binds to receptor receptor dimerises autophosphorylation of specific tyrosines recruitment of adapter proteins, signalling complex activation of protein kinase...
60
Where are receptors for lipid-soluble hormones located?
Intracellular - cytoplasm - nuclear
61
How do lipid-soluble hormones enter the cell?
Diffuse across plasma membrane
62
What does a newly formed cytoplasmic receptor-hormone complex do?
Translocate into nucleus | bind to DNA
63
Where are nuclear receptors found?
In the nucleus pre-bound to DNA hormone response elements - promoter region of gene that's regulated by the hormone
64
What effect does hormone binding to a nuclear receptor have?
Relieves suppression of gene transcription | that the bound receptor was responsible for
65
What is the result of cytoplasmic receptor-hormone complex and nuclear receptor-hormone complex?
Gene transcription new protein produced gives cell response
66
What is the nature of endocrine system signals? And nervous system signals?
Endocrine system - chemical Nervous system - chemical and electrical

Endocrinology (14 decks)

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