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Endocrinology > HP axis > Flashcards

HP axis Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the link between the nervous and endocrine system?

A

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

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2
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

Base of brain

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3
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Below hypothalamus

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4
Q

What structure contains the pituitary gland?

A

The sella turcica - socket of bone

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5
Q

What is the pituitary gland made up of?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

Posterior pituitary gland

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6
Q

Which is physically connected to the hypothalamus - the anterior or posterior pituitary?

A

The posterior pituitary gland

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7
Q

How is the posterior pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus?

A

By the infundibulum - stalk-like structure

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8
Q

What is the anterior pituitary physically connected to then?

A

The posterior pituitary

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9
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland arise from? And how?

A

Oral ectoderm - primitive gut tissue

Upwards growth

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10
Q

What does the posterior pituitary gland arise from? And how?

A

Neuroectoderm - primitive brain tissue

Downwards growth

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11
Q

What are the hormones produced by the hypothalamus?

A

Oxytocin

ADH

TRH

CRH

GnRH

PRIH

GHRH

GHIH

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12
Q

What exactly in the hypothalamus produces oxytocin and ADH?

A

By the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

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13
Q

Which of these hormones are transported to the posterior pitutary gland?

A

Oxytocin

ADH

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14
Q

What does the posterior pituitary gland do with oxytocin and ADH?

A

Stores them

releases them when stimulated

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15
Q

How does the posterior pituitary gland release oxytocin and ADH?

A

Neurocrine secretion

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16
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Milk let down

Uterus contractions during birth

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17
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Increase aquaporin expression in kidneys

increase reabsorption of water

18
Q

The other hormones that the hypothalamus produces are called … hormones? Why?

A

Tropic hormones

because they affect the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland

19
Q

What happens once the hypothalamus has synthesised the tropic hormones?

A

Transported down nerve axons

stored in median eminence

20
Q

How does the hypothalamus release the stored tropic hormones from the median eminence?

A

When stimulated to do so

releases them into hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

21
Q

What does thyrotropin releasing hormone TRH do?

A

Stimulates release of TSH from anterior pituitary

Also minor release of prolactin from anterior pituitary

22
Q

What does corticotropin releasing hormone CRH do?

A

Stimulates release of ACTH from anterior pituitary gland

23
Q

What does gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH do?

A

Stimulates release of leuteinising hormone LH and follicle-stimulating hormone FSH from anterior pituitary

24
Q

What does prolactin-release inhibiting hormone PRIH do?

A

Inhibit release of prolactin from anterior pituitary

25
Q

What is another name for PRIH?

A

Dopamine

26
Q

What does growth-hormone releasing hormone GHRH do?

A

Stimulates release of growth hormone from the anteiror pituitary gland

27
Q

What does growth-hormone inhibiting hormone GHIH do?

A

Inhibits the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland

28
Q

What is another name for GHIH?

A

Somatostatin

29
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland release?

A

TSH

Prolactin

ACTH

LH, FSH

GH

30
Q

Where does the anterior pituitary gland release its hormones into?

A

The blood

31
Q

What does TSH do?

A

Stimulates release of thryoid hormones from thyroid gland

32
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

Stimulates release of cortisol from adrenal cortex

33
Q

What does LH do?

A

Females - ovulation

Both sexes - sex hormone secretion

34
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Both sexes - development of gametes

35
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

Development of mammary glands

milk secretion

36
Q

What do LH and FSH exert their effects on?

A

Females - ovaries

Males - testes

37
Q

What type of secretion does the anterior pituitary gland show?

A

Endocrine secretion

38
Q

How else do anterior pituitary gland hormones affect cells?

A

Paracrine effects

Autocrine effects

39
Q

How is the release of all these hormones regulated?

A

Negative feedback loops

40
Q

What are the feedback loops involved in the HP axis?

A

Long loop

Short loop

41
Q

What is the long loop of negative feedback?

A

Hormone released by target gland
negatively feeds back to anterior pituitary
negatively feeds back to hypothalamus

42
Q

What is the short loop of negative feedback?

A

Hormone released by anterior pituitary gland

negatively feeds back to hypothalamus

Endocrinology (14 decks)

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