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Endocrinology > Growth hormone > Flashcards

Growth hormone Flashcards

1
Q

What factors control growth?

A

Genetics
Environment
Nutrition
Hormones

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2
Q

What is the most important hormone in the control of growth?

A

Growth hormone duh

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3
Q

What produces growth hormone?

A

The anterior pituitary gland

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4
Q

What stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to produce growth hormone?

A

GHRH from hypothalamus

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5
Q

What inhibits the anterior pituitary gland from producing growth hormone?

A

GHIH/somatostatin from hypothalamus

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6
Q

What type of hormone is growth hormone?

A

Protein hormone

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7
Q

What happens to growth hormone protein immediately after it is formed by translation?

A

Signal peptide is cleaved off

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8
Q

Why is it important for the signal peptide to be cleaved off?

A

So the growth hormone protein can fold up properly

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9
Q

How is the CNS involved in the control of growth hormone secretion?

A

Gives inputs to hypothalamus
Regulating GHRH and somatostatin secretion

which in turn affects GH secretion from anterior pituitary gland

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10
Q

How is GH secreted throughout the day?

A

Pulsatile manner

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11
Q

When is the largest amount of GH secreted?

A

Short while after deep sleep

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12
Q

Give four factors that increase GH secretion

A

Stress - trauma, fever
Exercise
Fasting
Decrease in glucose and fatty acids

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13
Q

Give three factors that decrease GH secretion

A

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
Obesity
Increase in glucose and fatty acids

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14
Q

What does GH bind to?

A

GH receptor on cells

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15
Q

What is attached to GH receptors?

Where are they located?

A

Janus kinase enzymes (JAKs)

Intracellularly

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16
Q

What hapens when GH binds to GH receptor?

A

JAKs phosphorylate each other - cross phosphorylation

JAKs phosphorylate GH receptor

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17
Q

What does phosphorylation of the GH receptor lead to?

A

Activation of signalling pathways

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18
Q

What do the signalling pathways lead to?

A

Some lead to activation of transcription factors
IGF genes are transcribed, translated
IGFs proteins produced

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19
Q

Where are the IGF proteins produced?

A

Liver

Skeletal muscle

20
Q

What do the liver and skeletal muscle do with the IGF proteins?

A

Release them into the blood

21
Q

What tissues do IGFs affect?

A

All tissues

22
Q

What does IGF stand for?

A

Insulin-like growth factor

23
Q

What is another name for IGF?

A

Somatomedins

24
Q

What are the types of IGFs?

A

IGF1

IGF2

25
Q

IGF1 is the major growth factor in…?

A

Adults

26
Q

IGF2 is the major growth factor in…?

A

The foetus

27
Q

What do IGFs do?

A

Bind to IGF receptors on cells

28
Q

What type of receptor is the IGF receptor?

A

Tyrosine kinase receptor

29
Q

IGF actions are via…

A

Endocrine activity

But also have autocrine and paracrine effects

30
Q

What does insulin bind to?

A

Insulin receptor
Hybrid receptor

Partly to IGF1 receptor

31
Q

What does IGF1 bind to?

A

IGF1 receptor
Hybrid receptor

Partly to insulin receptor
Partly to IGF2 receptor

32
Q

What does IGF2 bind to?

A

IGF2 receptor

Partly to IGF1 receptor

33
Q

What are the effects of the insulin receptor?

A

Metabolic effects

Some mitogenic effects

34
Q

What are the effects of the IGF1 receptor?

A

Mitogenic effects

Some metabolic effects

35
Q

What are the effects of the hybrid receptor?

A

Mitogenic effects

Some metabolic effects

36
Q

What are the effects of the IGF2 receptor? Why?

A

None

No tyrosine kinase activity
tyrosine kinase targets IGF2 receptor for lysosomal destruction

37
Q

What is the hybrid receptor made up of?

A

Half of the insulin receptor

Half of the IGF1 receptor

38
Q

What are the physiological effects of growth hormone in children?

A

Stimulates long bone growth
length and width before epiphyseal plate closure
only width after epiphyseal plate closure

39
Q

What are the physiological effects of IGFs in children?

A

Stimulate bone growth

cartilage growth

40
Q

What are the physiological effects of GH and IGFs in adults?

A

Maintain bone mass

Maintian muscle mass

Promote tissue healing

Modulate metabolism

41
Q

What are the effects of IGFs on cells?

A

Hypertrophy - increase in cell size

Hyperplasia - increase in cell number

Increased rate of protein synthesis

Increased rate of lipolysis in adipose tissue

42
Q

How is GH secretion controlled?

A

Negative feedback loops

43
Q

What types of negative feedback loops are involved in control of GH secretion?

A

Long loop

Short loop

44
Q

How does the long loop control GH secretion?

A

IGFs stimulate release of somatostatin
inhibit release of GHRH
from hypothalamus

Also inhibit release of GH from anterior pituitary gland directly

45
Q

How does the short loop control GH secretion?

A

GH stimulates release of somatostatin
inhibits release of GHRH
from hypothalamus

46
Q

How are IGFs regulated?

A

Binding proteins in the blood bind to IGF

modulate its activity - increasing or decreasing it

Endocrinology (14 decks)

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