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Microbiology > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Antigenic change

A

Change surface antigens to avoid recognition by host

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2
Q

What happens in the presences of ds-RNA?

A

Interferons are induced due to the viral-infection in the cell, represented by ds-RNA

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3
Q

IFN alpha/beta

A

Inhibits viral protein synthesis, activate leukocytes to kill viruses

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4
Q

IFN gamma

A

Up regulates MHC I and II expression/antigen presentation, activate NK and Tc cells to kill virus-infected host cells. Only produced in immune system cells

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5
Q

Degenerate bacteria

A

Has missing structures that are typical to bacteria

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6
Q

What is the size of staph bacteria?

A

1 micron.

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7
Q

Moist heat sterilization

A

Kills vegetative cells and spores

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8
Q

Dry heat sterilization

A

Kills spores but may leave pyrogens

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9
Q

Filtration Sterilization

A

Great for micro organisms, but not viruses

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10
Q

Radiation sterilization

A

Germicidal UV, ionizing, DNA damage that blocks replication

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11
Q

Ethylene oxide gas

A

Sterilizing heat-sensitive materials, toxic alkylation agent

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12
Q

Phenol coefficient

A

Rating scheme for antibacterial agents, 5 means 5 times as effective as phenol

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13
Q

Transition mutation

A

Purine to purine

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14
Q

Transversion mutation

A

Purine to pyrimidine or vice versa

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15
Q

Genetic drift

A

Small DNA changes

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16
Q

Genetic shift

A

Large DNA change

17
Q

Reassortment of DNA

A

Mixing of chromosomal elements from different strains

18
Q

Homopolyploidy

A

Mixing between same strains

19
Q

Heteropolyploidy

A

Mixing between different strains

20
Q

Only RNA-viruses that can reassort

A

Bunyaviridae
Orthomyxoviridae
Arenaviridae
Reoviridae

21
Q

Competent Cells

A

Can bind DNA, have DNA uptake, integrate DNA

22
Q

Gram positive competent cells

A

S. pneumoniae

S. Aureus

23
Q

Transformation

A

Taking in of new DNA into the cell’s DNA

24
Q

Plasmid Transformation

A

DNA that can replicate itself that can incorporate new DNA into itself

25
Q

Plasmids Toxins

A 
ShigA-like toxin
Botulinum toxin
Cholera toxin
Diphtheria toxin
Erthrogenic toxin
26
Q

Conjugation

A

Transfer of plasmids between cells via pilus. Need fertility genes. More in gram negative

27
Q

Transduction

A

Requires a bacteria virus/phage. Virus takes the DNA to the new cell. DNA will become integrated if possible.

28
Q

Recombination

A

Occurs in all bacteria and higher species. Requires a Holliday structure. (Picronaviridae is the only virus that can recombine)

29
Q

Illegitimate recombination

A

Jumping genes/transposons to interrupt thee DNA

30
Q

Complementation

A

2 copies of expressed genes in one cell

31
Q

Phenotypic mixing

A

2 viruses in one cell that may produce daughter cells with qualities from both viruses

32
Q

Diffusion Test

A

Used to determine antibiotic resistant bacteria

33
Q

MIC

A

Minimum inhibitory concentration

34
Q

Characteristics of viral genomes

A

Reproduce via assembly
Single or double stranded
Segmented or unsegmented

35
Q

Characteristics of Bacterial Genomes

A

Reproduce via duplication>fission
Double stranded
Unsegmented

36
Q

Viral Capsid Structure

A

Protein coat that is resistant to the environment. Subunits=pentamers and hexamers, are made of protomers. Envelope is between host and nucleocapsid. Spikes:glycoprotein projections thru the envelope

37
Q

Viral Propagation: Adsorption

A

Requires interactionbetween unique viral surface proteins and highly specific host cell surface receptor

38
Q

Viral Propagation: Penetration

A

Enveloped: fuse and release nucleocapsid into the cell

Naked virus: Nucleocapsid binds to membrane receptor sites, enters via vesicle

39
Q

Viral Propagation: Uncoating

A

Always occurs in the cytoplasm of the host cell. Eclipse phase (when virus “disappears”)

Microbiology (10 decks)

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