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Pharmacology > intro > Flashcards

intro Flashcards

1
Q

The science concerned with history, sources, physical, chemical
properties of drugs, and ways in which drug affect biological systems

A

PHARMACOLOGY

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2
Q

Chemical entities, both endogenous and foreign, that are capable of reacting with biological systems

Are chemicals that are introduced into the body to cause some sort of change

A

DRUG

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3
Q

Science of preparing, compounding, and dispensing medicines

A

PHARMACY

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4
Q

Identification and preparation of crude drugs from natural sources

A

PHARMACOGNOSY

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5
Q

Study of poisonous aspects of drugs

A

TOXICOLOGY

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6
Q

Also known as Clinical Pharmacology

Branch of pharmacology that uses drugs to treat, prevent, and
diagnose diseases

Address two key concerns: the drug’s effects on the body and the
body’s response to the drug

A

PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS

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7
Q
  1. How the drugs are affected by the biological system
    (* Answers the question: “what the body does to the drug?”)
  2. Effects of drugs in biological systems
A
  1. Pharmacokinetics
  2. Pharmacodynamics
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8
Q
  1. Chemical structure of the drug
  2. Chemical structure of the drug
  3. Proprietary name, chosen by drug company
A
  1. Chemical name
  2. Generic name/Official name
  3. Brand name/Trade name
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9
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

A
  • Plant source
  • Mineral source
  • Animal source
  • Synthetic drug source
  • Microorganism source
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10
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS

A
  • Prescription drugs
  • Over the counter drugs
  • Investigational drugs
  • Illicit or street drugs
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11
Q

PHARMACOKINETICS FOUR PROCESSES

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Elimination

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12
Q

Process wherein drug reversibly leaves the bloodstream and enters the target organ

  • Influenced by:
  • Size of the organ
  • Blood flow
  • Solubility
  • Protein binding
A

DISTRIBUTION

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12
Q

The processes of entry of a drug into the systemic circulation from the site of its administration

A

ABSORPTION

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13
Q

Drugs with high first-pass metabolism should be
given in doses sufficient to ensure
that enough active drug reaches the
desired site of action

A

Clinical Relevance

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14
Q

the measure of the fraction
of a dose that reaches the systemic
circulation

A

BIOAVAILABILITY

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15
Q
  • Plenty of drugs bind to________ _______ with a balance
    between bound and free molecule
A

plasma protein (albumin)

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16
Q
  • Is the metabolic conversion of drug to more water soluble
    metabolites that are more readily excreted
A

METABOLISM/BIOTRANSFORMATION

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16
Q

Most low molecular weight medicines cross the placenta

CRITERIA FOR SAFE DRUGS IN PREGNANCY: water soluble, large molecule, and highly protein-bound

A

Placental Barrier

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17
Q
  • Permeable only to lipid soluble or low molecular weight drugs
  • E.g. Lithium, Ethanol, Levodopa, Dopamine
A

Blood Brain Barrier

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18
Q

PHASE I METABOLISM & GOAL

A
  • Reduction
  • Oxidation
  • Hydrolysis

Make the drug more water soluble

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19
Q
  • PHASE II METABOLISM & GOAL
A
  • Methylation
  • Glucuronidation
  • Acetylation
  • Sulfation

Make the drug more water soluble but also hoping the drug would also become inactive

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20
Q
A
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20
Q

involved in the oxidative metabolism
of xenobiotics.

A

Primary phase I enzyme system

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21
Q

Responsible for metabolism and synthesis of endogenous compounds like steroids and prostaglandins.

A

CYTOCHROME P450 SYSTEM

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22
Q

What happens when you inhibit your Cytochrome P450 enzyme primarily CYP 3A4. What will happen?

A

You decrease the rate of the metabolism of the drug and more active drug will be present circulating in your body. Increasing the risk of side effects or adverse reaction of that specific drug.

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23
Q

What happens do enzyme inducers do?

A

Increase the rate of metabolism which equals to less drugs present in the circulation of the body.

24
Q

Allopurinol
Chloramphenicol
Isoniazid
Chlorpromazine
Cimetidine
Ketoconazole
Secobarbital
Ritonavir (chronic)
Furocoumarins (from grapefruit juice)

A

Enzyme inhibitors

25
Q

Barbiturates EXCEPT Secobarbital
Carbamazepine
Griseofulvin
Phenytoin
Rifampicin
Ritonavir (acute)
St. John’s Wort

A

ENZYME INDUCERS

26
Q

Termination of the drug
* Major modes: biotransformation to inactive metabolites
* Excretion via the kidney
* Excretion via other modes e.g. biliary ducts, lungs, and skin

A

ELIMINATION

26
Q

It is the time to eliminate 50% of a given amount of drug or to decrease plasma level to 50% of the former drug level

A

ELIMINATION HALF-LIFE

27
Q
  • Filtration is not saturable
  • Ionized an nonionized are filtered
    but protein bound drugs are not
A
  • Renal Elimination
28
Q

Most important organ in elimination

A

Kidney

29
Q

Drugs are eliminated either _________ or as _________

A

unchanged or metabolites

30
Q

Constant AMOUNT of the drug is
eliminated per unit time

  • FIXED; NO HALF-LIFE
A

ZERO ORDER KINETICS

31
Q

Constant FRACTION of the drug is
eliminated per unit time

HALF LIFE IS CONSTANT

A

FIRST ORDER KINETICS

32
Q

Relates to drugs binding to their receptors and their effects
* Answers the question: “what the drug does to the body?”

A

PHARMACODYNAMICS

33
Q
  • Drug enters the plasma and lasts until it reaches the minimum effective concentration (MEC)
A

ONSET OF ACTION

34
Q

Drug reaches its highest blood or plasma concentration

A

PEAK ACTION

35
Q

Length of time the drug has a pharmacologic effect

A

DURATION OF ACTION

36
Q

The concentration level a drug must reach in order to exert its intended effect

A

MINIMUM EFFECTIVE CONCENTRATION

37
Q

Ability of the drug to bind to the receptor. How good the drug and the receptor recognize each other

A

AFFINITY

38
Q

The quantity of the drug to achieve a desired effect

A

POTENCY

38
Q

Maximal effect an agonist can achieve at the highest practical
concentrations

A

EFFICACY

38
Q
  • A drug binding to receptors will elicit a response
A

AGONIST

39
Q
  1. Produce a maximal response (have maximal efficacy)
  2. Less effective (incapable of eliciting a maximal response)
A
  1. FULL AGONIST
  2. PARTIAL AGONIST
40
Q
  • A drug binding to a receptor will elicit no response and it prevents the agonist from binding to the receptor
A

ANTAGONIST

41
Q

dosage range that can safely and
effectively treat disease

A

Therapeutic window

42
Q

Fraction of the population that responds at each dose against the log of the dose administered

A

QUANTAL DOSE RESPONSE CURVE

43
Q

Measurement of drug safety

= TD50/ED50

A

THERAPEUTIC INDEX

44
Q

Are physiologic effects of drugs not related to desired drug effects, may be desirable or undesirable.

A

SIDE EFFECTS

45
Q

Are a range of untoward effects of drugs that cause mild to severe side effects

A

ADVERSE REACTIONS

46
Q

No evidence of risk

A

Category A

47
Q

Animal studies have shown an adverse effect, but adequate studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus.

A

Category B

48
Q

There are no animal reproduction studies & no adequate studies in human.

A

Category C

48
Q

Evidence of human fetal risk, but the potential benefits from the use of the drug in pregnant women maybe acceptable

A

Category D

49
Q

Evidence of fetal risk and abnormalities

A

Category E

50
Q

1.Self-determination
2.Trust through truth telling
3.Do no harm
4.Prevent harm, Do good
5. Give to each person his/her right or due
6.Not to divulge information without consent

A

1.Autonomy
2.Veracity
3.Non-maleficence
4.Beneficence
5.Justice
6.Confidentiality

51
Q

An act to promote, require and ensure the production of an adequate supply, distribution, use and acceptance of drugs and medicines
identified by their generic name

A

RA 6675 (GENERICS ACT OF 1988)

52
Q
  • All prescriptions must contain the following information: Name of the prescriber, office address, License no., Professional Tax Receipt (PTR) No., Patient’s name, age, sex and date of prescription
A

RA 5921 (PHARMACY ACT)

53
Q

KEY POINTS IN GIVING A MEDICATION

A

1.Name of drug
2.Reason of taking the drug
3.The dose
4.Specific time to take the drug
5.What specific things should or should not do while taking the
medication
6.Possible side effect of medication

54
Q

CALCULATING INTRAVENOUS FLOW RATE

A

𝑫𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆 =𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 X 𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒎𝒍 Divided by 𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒂𝒅𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒓 ∗ 𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆�

54
Q

10 RIGHTS IN DRUG ADMINISTRATION

A
  1. ® Client
  2. ® Drug
  3. ® Route (p.o, IV, IM, SC, EC, p.r, p.v etc.)
  4. ® Dose
  5. ® Time
  6. ® to Education
  7. ® Assessment
  8. ® Documentation
  9. ® Evaluation
    10.® to Refuse
55
Q

Basic formula

A

D/H (Q)

D= 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛�
H= 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑎𝑛�
Q=𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡� (amount of tablets)

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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