Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Finite episodes of brain dysfunction resulting from abnormal discharge of cerebral neurons

Synchronous electrical discharge

A

Seizure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Primarily for the treatment of seizures

A

Antiepileptic/anticonsulvant agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 TYPES OF FOCAL SEIZURES:

~ arise from the local part of the brain, manifestation depends on the focus

~ like simple partial but with impairment of consciousness awareness and memory

A

Simple partial seizure

Complex partial seizure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

seizure is a product of _______lesion/electrical abnormality in some parts of the cerebral cortex

A

Focal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

seizure manifestation indicates bilateral and diffuse cortical movement. (It affects the other hemisphere of the cerebral cortex)

A

Generalized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

~ tingling of contralateral face/side of body

~ seeing flashes of light (mostly occipital area of the brain is affected

~ hearing ringing noise (temporal is affected)

A

Somatosensory

Visual

Auditory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

brief starting spells lasting for seconds (Nakatulala lang)

A

Absence (petit mal seizure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Stiffening of muscles

A

Tonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

brief sudden jerks like a startle reaction

A

Myoclonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

sudden tonic abduction of limbs with head flexion

A

Infantile/epileptic spasms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

grand mal seizure, easily recognize, tonic-stiff, clonic jerking

A

Generalized tonic-clonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

one of the main Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

A heterogeneous system complex – a chronic disorder characterized by multiple seizures

A

Epilepsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Seizure Summary

A

1.) Continuous release of glutamate

2.)This causes to depolarize the postsynaptic neuron continuously

3.)Leads to abnormal discharge of neurons in the brain = seizure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Stimulatory/excitatory neurotransmitters
[Presynaptic neuron]

A

Glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Steps of GABA release

A

1.) Released from the inhibitory neurotransmitter

2.)GABA binds to a GABA receptor at the postsynaptic membrane that releases Cl-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chloride has a ______charge

A

Negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sodium Channel blockers (Very Problematic To Let Little Fosphenytoin Cuddle)

A

Carbamazepine
Fosphenytoin (parenteral form of phenytoin)
Lamotrigine
Phenytoin
Topiramate
Valproate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In seizures & epilepsy:

There is either an excessive release of __________or decrease in release ng _____

A

Glutamate

GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

SV 2A Receptor blocker

A

Levetiracetam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers

A

Lamotrigine
Valproate
Ethosuximide (DOC: absence seizure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A2 y subunit blockers (subunit of calcium channel

A

Gabapentin
Pregabalin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Gaba a Agonists

A

Benzodiazepines (e.g. diazepam, lorazepam)
Propofol
Topiramate
Pentobarbital
Phenobarbital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

AMPA Blockers

A

Felbamate

Magnesium (Eclampsia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

NMDA BLOCKERS

A

Ketamine
Topiramate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

childhood seizure disorder associated with multiple seizure types

A

Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Magnesium (Eclampsia) Antidote

A

Calcium gluconate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

GABA reuptake inhibitor

A

Tiagabine

22
Q

GABA transaminase inhibitor

A

Valproate
Vigabatrin

23
Q
  • is the enzyme that breaks down GABA
A

Transaminase

24
Q

General Mechanism action of anti-seizure drugs:

A

1.) Enhancement of GABAergic neurotransmission (inhibitory)

2.)Decreasing of glutamatergic transmission (stimulatory)

3.)Modification of ion channels

25
Q

increases the active drug in the system

A

Inhibitor

26
Q

SJS

A

Steven Johnson Syndrome

27
Q

Nursing Responsibilities for PHENYTOIN

A

1.) Shake suspension well
2.) Instruct client not to drive
3.) No alcohol
4.) Medic Alert ID
5.) Not to abruptly stop the drug therapy
6.) No over the counter drugs
7.) Take with food

28
Q

No OTC drugs because phenytoin is a __________

It will ____________the amount of the specific drug

A

CYP 450 inducer

Decrease

29
Q

~Used for muscle paralysis in surgery or mechanical ventilation

~Selective for motor (vs. autonomic) nicotinic receptors

~ Primarily affect the muscular nicotinic receptors

A

NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING DRUGS

30
Q

Acetylcholine receptor agonist - produce sustained depolarization

A

Depolarizing

31
Q

strong Ach receptor agonist

A

Succinylcholine

32
Q

Reversal of blockade:
Prolonged depolarization no antidote, block potentiated cholinesterase inhibitors

A

Phase I

33
Q

Reversal of blockade:

repolarized but blocked; acetylcholine receptors are available but desensitized

A

Phase II

34
Q

Succinylcholine ANTIDOTE & Side effects

A

Antidote: Neostigmine

Side Effect: Hypercalcemia, Hyperkalemia and Malignant hyperthermia

35
Q

Competitive antagonists - compete with acetylcholine receptors (No contraction)

A

Nondepolarizing

36
Q

A state of unconsciousness, amnesia, immobilization, reflex inhibition, and skeletal muscle relaxation

Usual methods: inhalational, intravenous or combined

A

General anesthesia

37
Q

A state of where there is a loss of sensation and blockade of major nerves

Methods: neuraxial (subarachnoid “spinal” or epidural), peripheral (plexus blockade)

A

Regional anesthesia

38
Q

Loss of sensation induced in a part of the body by infiltration or topical application of local anesthetics near the never

Patients sa ER

A

Local anesthesia

39
Q

General Principles of Anesthesia

A

~ CNS drugs must be lipid soluble or be actively transported

~ Drugs with decreased solubility in blood = Rapid reduction and recovery time

~ Drugs with increased solubility in lipids = increased potency

40
Q

Inhaled Anesthetics + Side Effects

A

Halothane
Enflurane
Isoflurane
Sevoflurane
Methoxyflurane
Nitrous Oxide

Side Effects: Myocardial Depression, Respiratory Depression, nausea / emesis and increased cerebral blood flow

41
Q

inhaled general anesthetic

A

Halothane

42
Q

~ Which Inhaled anesthetic may lead to seizure

~ Causes lucid Dreams

~ Expansion of trapped gas in a body cavity

A

Proconvulsant

Ketamine

Nitrous Oxide

43
Q

~ Local Anesthetics Esters

~ Local Anesthetics Amides

A

Procaine, cocaine, tetracaine

Lidocaine, Mepivacaine and Bupivacaine

44
Q

blocks sodium channels by binding to specific receptors on inner portion of channel

A

Local Anesthetics Mechanism

45
Q

crosses to blood brain barrier and transforms to dopamine by the action dopa decarboxylase

Before it crosses the bbb, it is easily metabolized

A

L-DOPA

45
Q

Order of loss

A

1.) Pain
2.) Temperature
3.) Touch
4) Pressure ( if loss of pressure is noted, maximal effect of the local anesthesia is acquired)

46
Q

Also named “shaking palsy” or paralysis agitans

Second most common neurodegenerative disorder

Chronic progressive disease affecting the cerebral cortex, brainstem and hippocampus

A

Parkinson’s disease

47
Q

Parkinson’s Disease cardinal features

A

1.) Bradykinesia
2.) Muscular Rigidity
3.) Resting Tremor
4.) Postural Instability

48
Q

2 enzymes that metabolize L-dopa

A

Dopa decarboxylase
Catechomethyltranferase

49
Q

Sacrifices itself to prevent peripheral degradation of l-dopa from DDC

A

Carbidopa

50
Q

COMT Inhibitors (peripheral)

A

Entacapone
Tolcapone (peripheral and central)

51
Q

important for movement

A

Substantia nigra

52
Q

enzyme that breaks down dopamine

A

Monoamine oxidase (MOA)

53
Q

MOA Inhibitors

A

Selegiline
Rasagiline

54
Q

Directly affect the dopamine receptors, binds

A

Dopamine agonists

Pramipexole (non-ergot)
Ropinirole (non-ergot
Bromocriptine (ergot)

54
Q

Increases dopamine availability

A

Amantadine

55
Q

slowness of movement of muscles

A

Bradykinesia

55
Q

poor coordination of muscles

A

Ataxia

56
Q

irregular heartbeat

A

Arrhythmia

56
Q

potentiate the effect of adrenergic effect

A

Catecholamines

57
Q

Nursing responsibilities for dopamine

A

Monitor vital signs especially blood pressure
ECG
s/sx of parkinsonism
Low protein foods

Pharmacology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions