Intro Flashcards

1
Q

INTRO:

hand in anatomical/functional/resting position

planes - median/sagittal, coronal (where), horizontal (where), transverse (where) ++ movements

A

hand
- anatomical: face front
- functional: face up
- resting: face body

PLANES
- median/sagittal: FLEX/EX, divides right & left
- coronal/frontal: ABD/ADD, divides front & back, right angle to sagittal
- horizontal: ROT, right angle to sagittal & coronal
- transverse: perpendicular to axis

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2
Q

INTRO: Skin

epidermis - made of, thick where (2), describe then mature

dermis - made of (1=3), thin in ant/pos & sex

crease - where, purpose

nail - made of, roof vs. free edge vs. fold

A

epidermis
- stratified epithelium
- thick in palm & sole
- flat then slough when mature

dermis
- dense CT (has vessels & nerve)
- thinner ant & F

crease
- found in joints = allows movement

nail
- keratin

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3
Q

INTRO: Skin

hair - layer, start where, hair papilla (what where), arrector pilli (muscle where for)

sebaceous glands - where, for (2)

sweat glands - shape, found where + except (4)

A

HAIR
- dermis; starts in hair bulb
- hair papilla: vascular CT in bulb
- arrector pilli: smooth muscle at ends of hair; for goosebumps

SEBACEOUS GLANDS
- in hair shaft = flexibility of hair, maintains epidermis

SWEAT GLANDS
- coiled tube in skin except lips, nailbed, penis, clit

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4
Q

INTRO: Fascia

made of, for (5)

superficial - made of (2), connects, for (1)
deep - what, types (2), for (4)

A

FASCIA
- made of fat
- for: support, transit, movement, connects
superficial fascia
- made of loose areolar & adipose tissue
- connects dermis to deep fascia
- for transit
deep fascia
- membranous; skeletal & viscera
- for: muscle sheath (holds in place), divides muscle into deep compartments, retinacula (joint restraining band), tendon pulley

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5
Q

INTRO: Muscle

for (3)

smooth - cell, arranged + contraction, controlled by (2)

cardiac - describe, arranged, controlled by (1)

skeletal - striated what, origin vs. insertion movement, belly + tendon + aponeurosis + raphe what

by shape - flat (fiber + has what), pennate, fusiform, quadrate, circular

synergist vs. fixator

A
  • for: movement, form, heat
  • flat (parallel fibers c aponeurosis), pennate (feather), fusiform (spindle), quadrate (4 equal), circular (orbicularis oculi)
  • synergist: prevent unwanted movements
  • fixator: fixes origin of agonist; stabilizer

smooth muscle
- loose spindle cell; arranged circular = wavelike contraction
- controlled by ANS & hormones

cardiac muscle
- striated; arranged spiral; ANS

skeletal muscle
- striated (alternate dark & light)
- movement in origin < insertion
- belly (fleshy), tendon (attached to bone), aponeurosis (flattened muscle), raphe (interdigitation of tendinous portion)

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6
Q

INTRO: Bone

made of, main purpose, elastic d/t, stores what

compact vs. spongy (made of + purpose)

long bone - contains, cover
short - shape, example, cover (2)
flat - example (2), cover, divided by
irregular - cover (2)
sesamoid - where/example, purpose

A
  • made of rigid CT
  • great stabilizer
  • elastic d/t organic
  • stores salts (Ca)

BY TYPE
- compact (cortical) vs. spongy/cancellous (shock absorber)

BY SHAPE
- long: contains bone marrow; cortical
- short: cuboid (fingers & toes), cancellous then cortical
- flat: scapula & skull, covered by cortical (table), divided by cancellous (diploe)
- irregular: cancellous then cortical
- sesamoid: near tendon; dec friction

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7
Q

INTRO: Cartilage

made of, nutrition, for (3)

hyaline - made of, repair, strength, purpose (+1)
FC - made of (2), repair, purpose (1), example (3)
elastic - made of, repair, example (2)

A
  • made of semirigid CT
  • avascular
  • for: form long bones, support soft tissue, shock absorber

hyaline cartilage
- made of moderate collagen
- can’t repair; good wear and tear

fibrocartilage
- made of collagen, ground substance
- slow repair; for shock absorbing
- TMJ, SCJ, knee

elastic
- made of elastic fibers
- epiglottis, ear cartilage

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8
Q

INTRO: Bone

depression - where, for (2)
process - for (2)

forms (?) - condyle (shape where), facet (shape what)

forms (?) - epicondyle (shape where), trochanter (shape vs. tuberosity), crest (what/shape), ramus, line

depressions - fossa (shape name connects), foramen (for), meatus (what)

A
  • depression: end of joint; for form joint & transit
  • process: for form joint & attachment

forms joint
- condyle: circular, end of bone
- facet: flat, where bones meet

forms attachment for CT
- epicondyle: raised round, above condyle
- trochanter: blunt elevation, bigger than tub
- crest: narrow ridge
- ramus: arm
- line: narrow ridge

depressions
- fossa/cavity: shallow; connects with condyle
- foramen: passage
- meatus: canal

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9
Q

INTRO: Joints

what, syn vs. amphia vs. diarthrodial (4.3.x)

synovial joint - united by what with what, nutrition

capsule - fibrous (made of & for), membrane (for)

fluid (purpose), articular disc (made of & for)

types (axial/motion/ex/name/attach) - plane, pivot, hinge, condyloid, saddle, ball

false joint - other name
fibrous type (name & example)
cartilaginous type - primary vs. secondary (name) example (1.2)

A
  • connects bones
  • syn (no movement): epiphysis, sutures, teeth, 1st rib
  • amphia: intervertebral, symphysis pubis, DTFJ

SYNOVIAL JOINT
- united by hyaline with synovial capsule; vascular
- capsule: fibrous (made of CT for strength), membrane (for fluid = prevent friction)
- articular disc: made of FC; shock absorber, better bone fit

types
- plane/irregular: flat to flat; gliding; ACJ, intercarpal
- pivot/trochoid: sharp to ligament; ROT; PRUJ, AO
- hinge: FLEX/EX; elbow, knee, ankle
- condyloid/ovoid: oval to oval; FLEX/EXT ABD/ADD; MCP
- saddle: FLEX/EXT ABD/ADD OP; CMC
- ball & socket

FALSE/SOLID JOINTS
- fibrous/suture (skull)
- cartilaginous - primary/synchrondosis (epiphysis), secondary/symphysis (intervertebral & symphysis pubis)

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10
Q

INTRO: Head

neurocranium vs. facial skeleton - name (2.2), for (1.0)

frankfurt plane (has 2), type of joint, bone shape (cranial vs. facial)

frontal bone - med (2) lat (1), glabella (where)

nasion - (2), with (3), form (2)
orbital margin - boundary (3)
zygomatic - name, med (1) lat (1)
nasal - forms, cavity vs. conchae vs. septum
maxilla - form (4), maxillary sinus (for)
mandible - form (1), symphysis menti

A
  • neurocranium/brain box/cranial skeleton: protect meninges
  • facial skeleton/viscero/sphlanchnocranium
  • frankfurt plane: floor of orbits, EAM
  • fibrous joints; single flat bones in cranium, paired irregular in face

FRONTAL BONE
- medially (maxilla & nasal), lat (zygo)
- glabella: supracilliary
- nasion: junction of frontal & nasal bone; with lacrimal ethmoid sesamoid; forms roof of orbital & floor of cranial cavity
- orbital margin: bounded by frontal, zygo, maxilla
- zygomatic/malar: med (maxilla), lat (temporal)
- nasal: forms bridge of nasal; conchae at sides of cavity, septum divides cavity
- maxilla: forms upper jaw, ant hard palate, floor of orbital cavity, nasal cavity; maxillary sinus (voice resonator)
- mandible - forms lower jaw; symphysis menti (fused fetal)

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11
Q

INTRO: Head

lat/parietal
- forms (2), sutures (4)
- temporal fossa: boundary (2), shape, unites (4), medical significance, artery

pos/occipital
- lambda (unites), magnum (where)

sup skull (broad where)

base of skull
- hard palate (formed by), occipital condyle (unites)

A

LAT/PARIETAL
- forms sides & roof of skull
- sagittal (P), coronal (F&C), squamous (P&T), lambdoid (P&O)

temporal fossa
- bounded by zygomatic & temporal bone; H
- unites frontal temporal parietal sphenoid
- thinnest; middle meningeal artery

POS/OCCIPITAL
- lambda: unites sagittal & lambdoid suture
- foramen magnum: at base

SUP: broadens poslat

BASE
- hard palate: formed by maxilla
- occipital condyle: skull x vertebral column

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12
Q

INTRO: Head - Fossa

betweens

ant - depth, ant (1) pos (1), lobe, foramen cecum (for), crista galli (name & where)

mid - formed by, lobe, most what, shape, ant (1) pos (1) lat/floor (2), sella turnica (where), lesser sphenoid (ends where), SOF (where), spinosum (transmits)

pos - size, depth, main component (4) + extra (4)

A
  • between ant & mid (lesser), mid & pos (petrous)

ANT FOSSA
- shallowest; ant (frontal bone) pos (lesser); frontal bone
- foramen cecum: transmission of vessels in development
- crista galli/cock comb: behind cecum

MID FOSSA
- formed by zygomatic; temporal lobe; most opening; butterfly; ant (lesser) pos (petrous) lat/floor (greater & squamous of temporal)
- sella turnica: at sphenoid
- lesser sphenoid: ends at ant clinoid process
- SOF: between wings
- foramen spinosum: transmits middle meningeal

POS FOSSA
- largest & deepest
- occipital, medulla, pons, cerebellum
- hypoglossal, jugular, IAM, foramen magnum

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13
Q

INTRO: Head - Scalp

ant (1) pos (2) lat (1)
nerve (2), artery (1=3) (1=2), vein (2)

aponeurosis - unites, medical significance

loose areolar CT - where which can be, allows, contains what which connects, medical significance

A
  • ant (supercillary arch), pos (SNL & EOP), lat (temporal line)
  • nerve: ant to auricular (CN5), auricular to pos (spinal cutaneous)
  • artery: ECA (occipital auricular temporal), ICA (supratrochlear supraorbital)
  • vein: supra
  • aponeurosis: unites occipitofrontalis muscle; why we survive laceration
  • loose areolar CT: at subaponeurotic space which can be distended when infection; most dangerous since easy bleed; allows movement; contains emissary veins which connects to superficial vein & diploic vein
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14
Q

INTRO: Head - Openings

cribriform plate (1.1)
optic canal (1.2)
SOF (2.4)
rotundum ovale spinosum (1.1)
carotid/lacerum (2.1)
magnum (1.3)
hypoglossal (1.1)
jugular (1.2)
IAM (1.2)

A
  • cribriform plate: ethmoid | CN1
  • optic canal: lesser | CN2 & opthalmic artery
  • SOF: greater lesser | CN346, CN5 (opth)
  • rotundum: greater | CN5 (maxillary)
  • ovale: greater | CN5 (man)
  • spinosum: greater | middle meningeal
  • carotid/lacerum: petrous | ICA
  • magnum: occipital | medulla, CN11, vertebral artery
  • hypoglossal: occipital | CN12
  • jugular: occpital |CN9&10
  • IAM: petrous | CN7&8
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15
Q

INTRO: Head - Face

frontonasal process - lat fold (1) med fold (4)
maxillary process - grows then unites with, form (2)
mandibular - form (1)

unilateral vs. (B) vs. oblique vs. cleft lower lip - d/t

TMJ - from to, type, ligament (3)

artery (3), vein (1)

A
  • artery: facial (from ECA), supraorbital, supratrochlear
  • vein: facial (from supra) which drains to cavernous sinus & internal jugular vein

PROCESS
- frontonasal process: lat fold (alar), med fold (forehead, septum, lip, premaxilla)
- maxillary process: unites with medlat folds, forms upper jaw & cheeks
- mandibular process: forms lower jaw

cleft lip
- unilateral cleft d/t unfused maxillary & 1 medial
- (B) d/t unfused maxillary & both medial
- oblique d/t unfused maxillary & medlat
- lower lip d/t unfused mandibular

TMJ
- from mandibular fossa to condyle of mandible
- condyloid
- lateral temporomandibular, spheno, stylo

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16
Q

INTRO: Head - CN

largest, slender, long, extracranial, CN5 branches. CN9 vs. 10 vs. 11

CN7 - exits (?) = branches (5) + supplies

trigeminal neuralgia & herpes common where

A
  • largest (CN5), slender (CN4), long (CN6&10), extracranial (CN10)
  • CN5: opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular (motor)
  • CN9 (pharynx), CN10 (larynx), CN11 (both)
  • trigeminal neuralgia at CN5 (max), herpes at CN5 (opthalmic)

CN7
- exits stylomastoid foramen = temporal (forehead), zygomatic (orbicularis oculi), buccal (nose to upper lip), mandibular (lower lip), cervical (platysma)

17
Q

INTRO: Head - Glands

parotid - nerve, artery (2), size, shape, cells, below/ant/pos, duct (name + exit)

submandibular - nerve, artery (2), cell (2), size, exit

sublingual - nerve, artery (2), cell (2), size, exit

A

PAROTID GLAND
- CN9, superficial temporal & maxillary a.
- largest, wedge, serous ancini cells
- sup (EAM) ant (mandible) pos (SCM)
- stensen duct: exit at 2nd upper molar

SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND
- CN7, facial & lingual a.
- 2nd largest, serous & mucous ancini cells, at floor of mouth

SUBLINGUAL GLAND
- CN7, facial & lingual a.
- smallest, exit at floor of mouth

18
Q

INTRO: Head - Temporal

temporal - ant sup pos inf lat, content (9)

infratemporal - ant pos sup inf med lat, content (6)

pterygopalatine - ant pos sup inf lat, content (3)

A

TEMPORAL FOSSA
- ant pos lat (zygomatic), sup (temporal line), inf (infratemporal crest)
- content: major muscles, maxillary artery, temporal artery, pterygoid venous plexus, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve, chorda tympani, otic ganglion, pterygopalatine ganglion

INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA
- ant (maxilla) pos (mandible sphenoid styloid), sup (infratemporal crest) inf (maxilla) med (lat pterygoid) lat (zygomatic)
- content: pterygoid muscles, maxillary artery, pteryogoid plexus, mandibular nerve, chorda, otic ganglion

PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA
- ant (maxilla) pos (mandible) sup (optic) inf lat (pterygomaxillary fissure)
- content: maxillary artery, maxillary nerve, pterygopalatine ganglion