Intro Flashcards
INTRO:
hand in anatomical/functional/resting position
planes - median/sagittal, coronal (where), horizontal (where), transverse (where) ++ movements
hand
- anatomical: face front
- functional: face up
- resting: face body
PLANES
- median/sagittal: FLEX/EX, divides right & left
- coronal/frontal: ABD/ADD, divides front & back, right angle to sagittal
- horizontal: ROT, right angle to sagittal & coronal
- transverse: perpendicular to axis
INTRO: Skin
epidermis - made of, thick where (2), describe then mature
dermis - made of (1=3), thin in ant/pos & sex
crease - where, purpose
nail - made of, roof vs. free edge vs. fold
epidermis
- stratified epithelium
- thick in palm & sole
- flat then slough when mature
dermis
- dense CT (has vessels & nerve)
- thinner ant & F
crease
- found in joints = allows movement
nail
- keratin
INTRO: Skin
hair - layer, start where, hair papilla (what where), arrector pilli (muscle where for)
sebaceous glands - where, for (2)
sweat glands - shape, found where + except (4)
HAIR
- dermis; starts in hair bulb
- hair papilla: vascular CT in bulb
- arrector pilli: smooth muscle at ends of hair; for goosebumps
SEBACEOUS GLANDS
- in hair shaft = flexibility of hair, maintains epidermis
SWEAT GLANDS
- coiled tube in skin except lips, nailbed, penis, clit
INTRO: Fascia
made of, for (5)
superficial - made of (2), connects, for (1)
deep - what, types (2), for (4)
FASCIA
- made of fat
- for: support, transit, movement, connects
superficial fascia
- made of loose areolar & adipose tissue
- connects dermis to deep fascia
- for transit
deep fascia
- membranous; skeletal & viscera
- for: muscle sheath (holds in place), divides muscle into deep compartments, retinacula (joint restraining band), tendon pulley
INTRO: Muscle
for (3)
smooth - cell, arranged + contraction, controlled by (2)
cardiac - describe, arranged, controlled by (1)
skeletal - striated what, origin vs. insertion movement, belly + tendon + aponeurosis + raphe what
by shape - flat (fiber + has what), pennate, fusiform, quadrate, circular
synergist vs. fixator
- for: movement, form, heat
- flat (parallel fibers c aponeurosis), pennate (feather), fusiform (spindle), quadrate (4 equal), circular (orbicularis oculi)
- synergist: prevent unwanted movements
- fixator: fixes origin of agonist; stabilizer
smooth muscle
- loose spindle cell; arranged circular = wavelike contraction
- controlled by ANS & hormones
cardiac muscle
- striated; arranged spiral; ANS
skeletal muscle
- striated (alternate dark & light)
- movement in origin < insertion
- belly (fleshy), tendon (attached to bone), aponeurosis (flattened muscle), raphe (interdigitation of tendinous portion)
INTRO: Bone
made of, main purpose, elastic d/t, stores what
compact vs. spongy (made of + purpose)
long bone - contains, cover
short - shape, example, cover (2)
flat - example (2), cover, divided by
irregular - cover (2)
sesamoid - where/example, purpose
- made of rigid CT
- great stabilizer
- elastic d/t organic
- stores salts (Ca)
BY TYPE
- compact (cortical) vs. spongy/cancellous (shock absorber)
BY SHAPE
- long: contains bone marrow; cortical
- short: cuboid (fingers & toes), cancellous then cortical
- flat: scapula & skull, covered by cortical (table), divided by cancellous (diploe)
- irregular: cancellous then cortical
- sesamoid: near tendon; dec friction
INTRO: Cartilage
made of, nutrition, for (3)
hyaline - made of, repair, strength, purpose (+1)
FC - made of (2), repair, purpose (1), example (3)
elastic - made of, repair, example (2)
- made of semirigid CT
- avascular
- for: form long bones, support soft tissue, shock absorber
hyaline cartilage
- made of moderate collagen
- can’t repair; good wear and tear
fibrocartilage
- made of collagen, ground substance
- slow repair; for shock absorbing
- TMJ, SCJ, knee
elastic
- made of elastic fibers
- epiglottis, ear cartilage
INTRO: Bone
depression - where, for (2)
process - for (2)
forms (?) - condyle (shape where), facet (shape what)
forms (?) - epicondyle (shape where), trochanter (shape vs. tuberosity), crest (what/shape), ramus, line
depressions - fossa (shape name connects), foramen (for), meatus (what)
- depression: end of joint; for form joint & transit
- process: for form joint & attachment
forms joint
- condyle: circular, end of bone
- facet: flat, where bones meet
forms attachment for CT
- epicondyle: raised round, above condyle
- trochanter: blunt elevation, bigger than tub
- crest: narrow ridge
- ramus: arm
- line: narrow ridge
depressions
- fossa/cavity: shallow; connects with condyle
- foramen: passage
- meatus: canal
INTRO: Joints
what, syn vs. amphia vs. diarthrodial (4.3.x)
synovial joint - united by what with what, nutrition
capsule - fibrous (made of & for), membrane (for)
fluid (purpose), articular disc (made of & for)
types (axial/motion/ex/name/attach) - plane, pivot, hinge, condyloid, saddle, ball
false joint - other name
fibrous type (name & example)
cartilaginous type - primary vs. secondary (name) example (1.2)
- connects bones
- syn (no movement): epiphysis, sutures, teeth, 1st rib
- amphia: intervertebral, symphysis pubis, DTFJ
SYNOVIAL JOINT
- united by hyaline with synovial capsule; vascular
- capsule: fibrous (made of CT for strength), membrane (for fluid = prevent friction)
- articular disc: made of FC; shock absorber, better bone fit
types
- plane/irregular: flat to flat; gliding; ACJ, intercarpal
- pivot/trochoid: sharp to ligament; ROT; PRUJ, AO
- hinge: FLEX/EX; elbow, knee, ankle
- condyloid/ovoid: oval to oval; FLEX/EXT ABD/ADD; MCP
- saddle: FLEX/EXT ABD/ADD OP; CMC
- ball & socket
FALSE/SOLID JOINTS
- fibrous/suture (skull)
- cartilaginous - primary/synchrondosis (epiphysis), secondary/symphysis (intervertebral & symphysis pubis)
INTRO: Head
neurocranium vs. facial skeleton - name (2.2), for (1.0)
frankfurt plane (has 2), type of joint, bone shape (cranial vs. facial)
frontal bone - med (2) lat (1), glabella (where)
nasion - (2), with (3), form (2)
orbital margin - boundary (3)
zygomatic - name, med (1) lat (1)
nasal - forms, cavity vs. conchae vs. septum
maxilla - form (4), maxillary sinus (for)
mandible - form (1), symphysis menti
- neurocranium/brain box/cranial skeleton: protect meninges
- facial skeleton/viscero/sphlanchnocranium
- frankfurt plane: floor of orbits, EAM
- fibrous joints; single flat bones in cranium, paired irregular in face
FRONTAL BONE
- medially (maxilla & nasal), lat (zygo)
- glabella: supracilliary
- nasion: junction of frontal & nasal bone; with lacrimal ethmoid sesamoid; forms roof of orbital & floor of cranial cavity
- orbital margin: bounded by frontal, zygo, maxilla
- zygomatic/malar: med (maxilla), lat (temporal)
- nasal: forms bridge of nasal; conchae at sides of cavity, septum divides cavity
- maxilla: forms upper jaw, ant hard palate, floor of orbital cavity, nasal cavity; maxillary sinus (voice resonator)
- mandible - forms lower jaw; symphysis menti (fused fetal)
INTRO: Head
lat/parietal
- forms (2), sutures (4)
- temporal fossa: boundary (2), shape, unites (4), medical significance, artery
pos/occipital
- lambda (unites), magnum (where)
sup skull (broad where)
base of skull
- hard palate (formed by), occipital condyle (unites)
LAT/PARIETAL
- forms sides & roof of skull
- sagittal (P), coronal (F&C), squamous (P&T), lambdoid (P&O)
temporal fossa
- bounded by zygomatic & temporal bone; H
- unites frontal temporal parietal sphenoid
- thinnest; middle meningeal artery
POS/OCCIPITAL
- lambda: unites sagittal & lambdoid suture
- foramen magnum: at base
SUP: broadens poslat
BASE
- hard palate: formed by maxilla
- occipital condyle: skull x vertebral column
INTRO: Head - Fossa
betweens
ant - depth, ant (1) pos (1), lobe, foramen cecum (for), crista galli (name & where)
mid - formed by, lobe, most what, shape, ant (1) pos (1) lat/floor (2), sella turnica (where), lesser sphenoid (ends where), SOF (where), spinosum (transmits)
pos - size, depth, main component (4) + extra (4)
- between ant & mid (lesser), mid & pos (petrous)
ANT FOSSA
- shallowest; ant (frontal bone) pos (lesser); frontal bone
- foramen cecum: transmission of vessels in development
- crista galli/cock comb: behind cecum
MID FOSSA
- formed by zygomatic; temporal lobe; most opening; butterfly; ant (lesser) pos (petrous) lat/floor (greater & squamous of temporal)
- sella turnica: at sphenoid
- lesser sphenoid: ends at ant clinoid process
- SOF: between wings
- foramen spinosum: transmits middle meningeal
POS FOSSA
- largest & deepest
- occipital, medulla, pons, cerebellum
- hypoglossal, jugular, IAM, foramen magnum
INTRO: Head - Scalp
ant (1) pos (2) lat (1)
nerve (2), artery (1=3) (1=2), vein (2)
aponeurosis - unites, medical significance
loose areolar CT - where which can be, allows, contains what which connects, medical significance
- ant (supercillary arch), pos (SNL & EOP), lat (temporal line)
- nerve: ant to auricular (CN5), auricular to pos (spinal cutaneous)
- artery: ECA (occipital auricular temporal), ICA (supratrochlear supraorbital)
- vein: supra
- aponeurosis: unites occipitofrontalis muscle; why we survive laceration
- loose areolar CT: at subaponeurotic space which can be distended when infection; most dangerous since easy bleed; allows movement; contains emissary veins which connects to superficial vein & diploic vein
INTRO: Head - Openings
cribriform plate (1.1)
optic canal (1.2)
SOF (2.4)
rotundum ovale spinosum (1.1)
carotid/lacerum (2.1)
magnum (1.3)
hypoglossal (1.1)
jugular (1.2)
IAM (1.2)
- cribriform plate: ethmoid | CN1
- optic canal: lesser | CN2 & opthalmic artery
- SOF: greater lesser | CN346, CN5 (opth)
- rotundum: greater | CN5 (maxillary)
- ovale: greater | CN5 (man)
- spinosum: greater | middle meningeal
- carotid/lacerum: petrous | ICA
- magnum: occipital | medulla, CN11, vertebral artery
- hypoglossal: occipital | CN12
- jugular: occpital |CN9&10
- IAM: petrous | CN7&8
INTRO: Head - Face
frontonasal process - lat fold (1) med fold (4)
maxillary process - grows then unites with, form (2)
mandibular - form (1)
unilateral vs. (B) vs. oblique vs. cleft lower lip - d/t
TMJ - from to, type, ligament (3)
artery (3), vein (1)
- artery: facial (from ECA), supraorbital, supratrochlear
- vein: facial (from supra) which drains to cavernous sinus & internal jugular vein
PROCESS
- frontonasal process: lat fold (alar), med fold (forehead, septum, lip, premaxilla)
- maxillary process: unites with medlat folds, forms upper jaw & cheeks
- mandibular process: forms lower jaw
cleft lip
- unilateral cleft d/t unfused maxillary & 1 medial
- (B) d/t unfused maxillary & both medial
- oblique d/t unfused maxillary & medlat
- lower lip d/t unfused mandibular
TMJ
- from mandibular fossa to condyle of mandible
- condyloid
- lateral temporomandibular, spheno, stylo
