Intro Flashcards
Prokaryotes
Bacteria and Archaea
- lack membrane bound nucleus
- Single circular chromosome
Archaea
They are prokaryotes cells, but their own group b/c theyre able to live in adverse enviornmental conditions (high salt concentrations, high temperatures and acidic enviornments)
- i.e they have modifications to handle the enviornmental extremes
Eukaryotes
contain a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles
- Protozoa and fungi are microbes within this group
Viruses
Acellular requiring a living host cell to produce
Binomial system of nomenclature
Genus name followed by a species name
Genus and species of the bacterium must be italicized or underlined
- name of the bacterium may also be written with the first letter of the genus capitalized and the name of the species (not capitalized)
Genus is
First part of the name (first letter is always capitalized), followed by a species name (not capitalized)
- many species often exist within a genus (like your last name and there’s genetic similarity)
Can also be written with the first letter capitalized followed by a ‘.’
Why is microbiology important
Microorganisms are very important to many areas of human, animal and plant life
- gave way to the introduction and development of higher life forms
(atmospheric oxygen was likely produced by primitive photosynthetic microbes)
- important to degrade organic material and for atmospheric nitrogen fixation in plants
- microorganisms produce antibiotics that are used in clinical practice
- normal bacteria within the human body prevent growth of harmful bacteria
- Used for fermentation in the food industry (beer, wine and yogurt)
Name Historical timeline of Microbiology (i.e all of the important figures)
1665 - Robert Hooke (first to see and describe cells, invention of microscope and The cell theory)
1684 - Anthoni Van leeuwenhoek (Animalcules)
1864 - Louis Pasteur (Spontaneous Generation, Biogenesis, Aseptic technique and swan neck flask, Fermentation and Pasteurization)
1881 - Robert Koch (Germ theory of Disease, Koch’s postulates)
1798 - Edward Jenner (small pox vaccine)
1908 - Paul Ehrlich (selective toxicity, Salvarsan)
1929 - Alexander Fleming (Penicillin)
Robert hooke
1665
The first to see and describe cells following the invention of the microscope which led to the start of the cell theory
(all living things are composed of cells)
Who developed The cell theory and define it
Started by Robert hooke in 1665
The cell theory is when all living things are composed of cells
Anthoni Van leeuwenhoek
Used the microscope to view live microbes which he called animalcules
Who called live microbes, ‘Animalcules’
Anthoni van leeuwenhoek used the microscope to view live microbes which he called animalcules
Describe Spontaneous Generation
- Food left for long periods of time will eventually spoil
- Microscopic examination reveals that the spoiled food is crawling with bacteria
- This theory notes that these bacteria arise spontaneously from non-living matter
- Louis pasteur rejected this theory
What theory did louis pasteur reject? And What is the theory thats currently being accepted?
Sponotaneous generation is rejected
Biogenesis is currently accepted because Louis Pasteur demonstrated using the aseptic technique and a swan neck flask, and he hypothesized that food spoilage came from the air and not from spontaneous generation.
- Therefore spontaneous generation was rejected and could not occur !
What technique did Louis Pasteur demonstrate? and explain this technique and the results of it?
1864
demonstrated aseptic technique using a swan neck flask
- Hypothesized that microorganisms responsible for food spoilage likely came form the air and not from spontanrous generation
- The results of this experiment demonstrated that spontaneous generation could not occur = rejected spontaneous generation
What theory is currently being accepted and why?
Biogenesis is the hypothesis that living matter arises from pre-existing living matter
- because Louis Pasteur used the swan neck flask and an aseptic technique to prove Sponateous Generation to be false, as his hypothesis was that food spoilage came from air and not from spontaneous gen.
- so the Biogenesis is a theory being accepted today
Biogenesis
The hypothesis that living matter arises only from pre-existing living matter
- it is this theory that is currently accepted
Who demonstrated the Aseptic technique using a swan neck flask?
Louis Pasteur
What are other contributions Pasteur made to the understanding of microbiology
Other contributions such as Fermentation and Pasteurization
It was first thought that air converted sugar into alcohol
- Pasteur showed that it is yeast that which convert sugar to alcohol in the absence of air using a process called Fermentation
- He determined that you could prevent the souring of milk and beer/wine which occurs when the bacteria present convert sugar into vinegar, you could heat the milk/beer/wine which would kill all of the bacteria present and prevent spoilage
- This procedure is still used today - Pasteurization
Pasteurization
Louis Pasteur determined that you could prevent the souring of milk and beer/wine which occurs when the bacteria present convert sugar into vinegar, you could heat the milk/beer/wine which would kill all of the bacteria present and prevent spoilage
- This procedure is still used today
Fermentation
Pasteur showed that it is yeast that which convert sugar to alcohol in the absence of air = Fermentation
Who developed the germ theory of diesease?
Robert koch developed The germ theory of disease
- on the basis that microbes alter chemical and physical nature of organic material
The germ theory of disease is the belief that microorganisms are responsible for disease
Explain the Germ theory of Disease? Who developed this theory?
Belief that microorganisms are responsible for disease
- Robert Koch developed this theory on the basis that microbes alter physical and chemimcal nature of organic material
What led to the development of Koch’s Postulates and what is it used for?
Germ Theory of Disease (Robert Koch) led to the development of Koch’s postulates
- used today in order to prove that a specific microbe is responsible for a specific disease
What did Edward Jenner develop
Developed the small pox machine
- based on the observation that people previously infected with cow pox were immune to small pox
- he injected a young boy with cow pox and the boy became midly ill, it was later discoveed that this box was immune to small pox
What did Paul Ehrlich develop?
Paul Elrich developed the idea of selective toxicity
- Selective toxicity: the ability to either kill or inhibit the growth of pathogenic organisms while leaving the host unharmed
- He discovered the first effective anti-microbial Salvarsan which was useful to cure syphilis without damaging host cells
Who discovered selective toxicity
Paul Ehrlich
Selective toxicity
Paul Elrich developed the idea of selective toxicity
- The ability to either kill or inhibit the growth of pathogenic organisms while leaving the host unharmed
Anti-microbial Salvarsan was discovered by who? What did it cure?
Paul Ehrlich discovered the first anti-microbial Salvarsan
- used to cure syphilis without damaging host cells
example of selective toxicity
What did Alexander Fleming Discover
Discovered that a product of the mold, Penicillium chrysogenum was able to inhibit the growth of bacteria on plates contaminated with the mold
- the product was Penicillin
- this discovery was made by accident but consequently revolutionized modern medicine
Penicillin was discovered by
Alexander fleming discovered Penicillin
- he discovered that a product of the mold, Penicillium chrysogenum was able to inhibit the growth of bacteria on plates contaminated with the mold = product Penicillin
- This discovery was made by accident but consequently revolutionized modern medicine
*Penicillin chryosenum
Alexander Fleming discovered that a product of the mold Penicillin chryosenum was able to inhibit the growth of bacteria on plates contaminated w/ the mold = product is Penicillin
Discovery made by accident but consequently revolutionized modern medicine
Who led the start of the cell theory?
Robert hook is the first to see and describe cells following the invention of the microscope, which led to the start of the cell theory
What was useful to cure syphillis without damaging the host cells?
Antimicrobial Salvarsan - developed by Paul Ehrlich (developed idea of Selective Toxicity)
Koch Postulates steps
- Microorganism Isolated
- Grow in pure culture
- Innoculate in the healthy microorganism
- Re-isolated bacteria from inoculated disease individual must match the microorganism
Who developed the small pox vaccine
Edward Jenner
