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Chemical Principles Flashcards

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1
Q

Atom

A

Smallest unit of matter which can partake in a chemical reaction

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2
Q

Smallest unit of matter which can partake in a chemical reaction is the

A

Atom

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3
Q

Element

A

Composed of one type of atom

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4
Q

Example of an element

A

Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen

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5
Q

Composed of one type of atom

A

element

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6
Q

Molecule is formed when

A

When 2 or more atoms join together
- the atoms can be the same or difference
- Same: N2O2
- Different: H2O

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7
Q

2 or more atoms joined together forms a

A

molecule
- atoms can be the same or be difference

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8
Q

Explain the atomic structure

A

Every atom is composed of a single centrally located nucleus which contains protons (carrying a positive charge) and neutrons (which carry no charge)
- since neutrons carry no charge, the nucleus will always carry a net positive charge
- nuclear contents do not participate in chemical reactions and thus is referred to as stable

Electrons exist outside of the nucleus is specialized regions of space called orbitals and they carry a negative charge

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9
Q

What is the nucleus composed of

A

Protons (positive charge) and Neutrons (no charge) = net positive charge

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10
Q

What part of the atomic structure does not participate in chemical reactions and is referred to as stable

A

The nucleus

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11
Q

What charge does the nucleus have

A

A net positive charge (b/c the neutrons have no charges and protons have a positive charge)

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12
Q

What are orbitals

A

specialized regions of space that exist outside of the nucleus, and electrons are in these orbitals
- carry a negative charge

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13
Q

ions

A

when an atom has an overall positive or negative charge - it is no longer netural and is referred to as an ion
- an atom that looses an electron will have a net positive charge
- When an atom gains an electron it will have a net negative charge

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14
Q

Cation

A

atoms carrying a positive charge

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15
Q

Anion

A

Atoms carrying a negative charge

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16
Q

Na has an atomic # of 11 and Cl has an atomic # of 17 what will happen?

A

an ionic bond
Na^+ and Cl^- ionic bond

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17
Q

Chemical bonds form…?
Why do chemical bonds exist?
What are the types of chemical bonds

A
  1. form in between atoms when electrons in their outer shells interact with one another
  2. every atom wants to achieve chemical stability & they do this by filling their outermost shell w/ electrons
    - Atoms achieve a full complement of electrons (8) by combining to form molecules
  3. Three types of chemical bonds found in living systems
    covalent, ionic and hydrogen bonds
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18
Q

three types of chemical bonds

A

Covalent, Ionic and Hydrogen bonds

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19
Q

Covalent bonds

A

very strong bonds
- formed when two atoms come together and share electrons within their outershell
- Water is formed as a result of covalent bonds in between hydrogen and oxygen

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20
Q

Ionic bonds

A

These bonds form as a result of the attractive force in betwen ions of opposite charge
- weaker than covalent
- The attractive force holds the two atoms together in the bond

ex) NaCl
- Na requires the loss of an electron to achieve stability and CL requires the gain of an electron to achieve stability
- Cl recieves the electrons from Na rather than sharing it : Cl
- Cl becomes Cl^- and Na becomes Na^+

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21
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Are also covalent bonds
These bonds form when Hydrogen is covalently bound to oxygen or another electron loving molecule such as nitrogen
*- i.e N and O are electron loving - greedy for electrons *

Since the atom bound to hydrogen is “electron loving” it holds the shared electrons closer to its nucleus than hydrogen

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22
Q

Explain the hydrogen bonds between
H : C and
H ‎ ‎ ‎ : O

A

H and C
- Non- polar covalent bond
- carbon is not more electron loving than hydrogen, thus the electrons are equally shared in between the two atoms

H and O
- polar covalent bond
- Oxygen is more electron loving than hydrogen, thus the electrons are not equally shared in between the two atoms and are held more closely to the Oxygens nucleus
- Oxygen gets a partial negative charge and hydrogen gets a partial positive charge

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23
Q

Explain partial positive and negative charges between atoms and Polar/non-polar molecules

A

they happen when there unequal sharing of electrons between two atoms resulting in Partial positive charge and a
Partial negative charge

Molecules that contain unequal sharing of electrons are polar molecules, vice versa equal sharing of electrons are non-polar molecules

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24
Q

Explain water with polar covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds

A

Water has a partial negative on the O atom, and a partial positive charge on the 2 H atoms, resulting in a polar covalent bond due to unequal sharing of electrons (electrons held closely to O)

Since theres partial + and - charges, the partial + charge on the hydrogen atom is attracted to partial - charge on atoms within another molecule = hydrogen Bond
- hydrogen bonds are weaker than both covalent and ionic - heat breaks down these hydrogen bonds
-Hydrogen bonds result in networks of molecules of different molecules

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25
Q

Organic compounds and inorganic compounds

A

organic because they contain carbon
ex. sugar, protein, DNA or RNA contain carbon

Inorganic b/c they contain no carbon and organisms need a wide variety of inorganic compounds in order to live and reproduce
ex. water

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26
Q

What are Inorganic compounds and provide an example

A

Don’t contain carbon
ex. water is the most inorganic molecule, CO2

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27
Q

Water is the

A
  • most inorganic molecule found in living systems
  • water accounts for approx 60-80% range that we accept for cell weight
  • Water is a solvent and b/c electrons are not shared equally b/w the hydrogen and oxygen atoms it is a polar solvent
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28
Q

List different reasons why living things are able to make such good use of water

A
  1. Water is an excellent solvent
  2. Every water molecule can form Hydrogen bonds with other water moelcules
  3. Water is a great temperature buffer b/c of its strong hydrogen bonds
    • ex. sweat - 3.4 hydrogen bonds/water molecule, heat from body = used to break h-bonds b/w water molecules of sweat, when heat is used up, the body temp goes low b/c i’ve used it
  4. Water is easily split into its component ion H^+ and OH^-
    • This characteris allows water to play key roles in many chemical reactions
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29
Q

Water is an excellent solvent because

A

It can dissolve many ionic compounds such as NaCl
- Na+Cl- = solute - heat applied, water then surrounds the Na and CL, and Na and Cl is seperated is distributed in the solution = solution

The ions (Na+, Cl-) remain dissolved in the water and form a solution

this solution forms because the partial positive regions within the water moelcules surround the negative ions (Cl-) and the partial negative regions within the water molecule surround the positive ions (Na+) holding them in solution

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30
Q

Explain waters excellent ability to hydrogen bonds

A

Every water molecule can form four hydrogen bonds with other molecules

  • the excellent ability to hydrogen bond allows water to form networks of interconnected water molecules which gives water a very high boiling point
    - This high boiling point (100 C) keeps water in its liquid state in most of the places that is found on earth
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31
Q

what allows water to form networks of interconnected water molecules

A

every water molecule can form 4 hydrogen bonds w/ other molecules and these hydrogen bonds form networks of interconnected water molecules

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32
Q

What gives water a high boiling point

A

Since water is able to form interconnected networks of water molecules due to the hydrogen bonds, this gives water a high boiling point (100 C)

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33
Q

What happens when water molecules are heated up and what does this results to?

A

Heat breaks bonds when water is heated, when all 4 bond are broken, the water molecule evaportates b/c theres nothing physically holding it there in the pot

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34
Q

Explain what happens when water molecules start to cool after heating

A

When water starts to cool (after heating), the water molecules move less and are close together when they start to become a water molecule again, a liquid form again = forming hydrogen bonds

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35
Q

Explain when liquid water is put into a freezer and its hydrogen bonds as a liquid and solid

A

Liquid water in freezer = solid
- liquid water had 3.4 hydrogen bonds each (3.4 b/c some have 4 some have 3)
- Solid water (ice) - per water molecule has 4 hydrogen bonds, thats why it’s so solid

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36
Q

Complex organic molecules

A

The four outer electrons of carbon allow it to form four covalent bonds with a large number of different atoms
- there are four major classes of organic compounds found in living things (big castles made up of lego blocks (atoms))
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Lipids
4. Nucleic Acids

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37
Q

What makes carbon so unique

A

The four outer electrons of carbon allow it to form four covalent bonds with a large number of different atoms (important for organic molecules)

38
Q

Four major classes of organic compounds found in living things

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
nucleic Acids

39
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Is an energy source that is immediately utilizable by cells
- polar compounds, therefore they dissolve in water
- All contain the elements C, H, O (usually in a C1H2O1 ratio)

3 major groups of carbohydrates
1) Monosaccharides
2) Disaccharides
3) Polysaccharides

40
Q

Why can carbohydrates dissolve in water?

A

carbohydrates are a polar compounds (have regions of partial positive and negative) which means that they can dissolve in water (a polar solvent = have partial positive and negative charges)

41
Q

What elements do carbohydrates contain?

A

C H O (Ratio 1:2:1)

42
Q

Monosaccarides

A

a major group of carbohydrates
mono = one saccride = sugar

ex) Glucose, Fructose

43
Q

Glucose and fructose are an example of

A

a Monosaccride, a major group of carbohydrates

44
Q

Dissacarides

A

Di = two, sugars

two monosaccrides come together (covalent bond) to form a dissacaride

ex) glucose and fructose = sucrose

45
Q

What bond forms between two monosaccarides

A

A covalent bond

46
Q

Glucose and fructose = sucrose is an example of

A

Sucrose is a dissaccaride, a major group of carbohydrates

47
Q

Polysaccharides and an example

A

A type of carbohydrate
Poly = many
hundreds of monosaccrides come together to form a polysaccaride
these are often too large to be water soluable
-water solubility: water = polar
- to be soluable = polar covalent bonds w/ partial charges, also has to be small enough

ex) starch, cellulose

48
Q

Starch and cellulose ar examples of

A

polysaccarides

49
Q

Lipids

A

Complex organic compound
This group includes fats, complex lipids (phospholipids) and steroids
- Always non polar, no partial charge = doesnt dissolve in water
- These molecules are non-polar, therefore they don’t interact with water b/c they are hydrophobic (water hating)

Essential to the structure and function of membranes
- comprises the lipid portion of the phospholipid bilayer

Used as a means of energy storage

50
Q

Fats, phospholipids and steroids are examples of what organic molecule

A

Lipids

51
Q

why can’t lipids dissolve in water?

A

Always non polar, no partial charge = doesnt dissolve in water
- These molecules are non-polar, therefore they don’t interact with water b/c they are hydrophobic (water hating)

52
Q

Why are lipids so important

A

Essential to the structure and function of membranes
- comprises the lipid portion of the phospholipid bilayer

Used as a means of energy storage

53
Q

What are fats and what are the different types?

A

Are a type of lipid
Are composed of a glycerol plus one to three fatty acids

3 types of fats
1. Monoglycerides
2. Diglyceride
3. Triglycerides

54
Q

Monoglycerides

A

A type of fat (lipid)
glycerol plus one fatty acid

55
Q

Diglycerides

A

A type of fat (lipid)
Glycerol plus two fatty acids

56
Q

Triglycerides

A

A type of fat (lipid)
Glycerols plus three fatty acid tails
- tails can have saturated or unsaturdated fats

57
Q

What are fatty acids and what are the types?
and give examples

A

Tails = carbon, no oxygen
These can be either saturated or unsaturated
1. Saturated: ex. butter
- no double bonds, saturated with hydrogen atoms
2. Unsaturated: ex. oil
- Has at least one double bond, fewer hydrogen atoms (double bond adds a kink, affect packaging)

58
Q

Complex lipids

A

include phospholipids (half interact w/ water, half hydrophobic)
- Composed of glycerol, 2 fatty acids (non polar) and a phosphate group (polar) = diglyceride

Phospholipids are found in the membranes of living cells and they are the primary component of prokaryotic and eukaryotic plasma membranes

59
Q

Steroids

A

these lipids are structurally distinct form other lipids
- they have a four ring strucuture
- these are found mainly in Eukaryotes, not in Prokaryotes (bacteria)

examples include, cholesterol and vitamin D

60
Q

Cholesterol and vitamin D are examples of

A

steroids (type of lipid, but structurally distinct)

61
Q

Proteins are

A

the workforce of the cell,
- non-polar groups are attached to them and proteins fold!
- proteins are composed of individual units called, amino acids and there are 20 known amino acids
- All amino acids and thus protein are composed of C, O, H and N (some also have sulfur)
- each amino acid has an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH) and a side group (-R) which is different on each amino acid
- The side group R- determines the chemical properties of the amino acid (like their personality

62
Q

Describe what Amino acids are and its structure and its elements

A

amino acids make up a protein - individual units of amino acids
- there are 20 known amino acids
- All amino acids and thus protein are composed of Carbon, Oxygen, hydrogen and Nitrogen (some also have sulfur)

Each amino acid has
- One amino group (NH2)
- Carboxyl group (COOH)
- Side group (-R): different on each amino acid

Side group (-R): determines the chemical properties of the amino group

63
Q

What are proteins made up of

A

Proteins are composed of individual units called amino acids (long chains of amino acids = polypeptides, which are proteins, short chains = peptides)
- there are 20 known amino acids

64
Q

What elements are amino acids and proteins made up of

A

C, O, H, and N (some also have sulfur)

65
Q

What is an amino acid made up of

A

Each amino acid has
- One amino group (NH2)
- Carboxyl group (COOH)
- Side group (-R): different on each amino acid

Side group (-R): determines the chemical properties of the amino group (analogy: like the personality of a person!)

66
Q

How are the individual amino acids joined together?

A

Peptide bonds (which are covalent bonds)

67
Q

Peptide bonds form

A

amino acids, which are joined together by peptide bonds (aka covalent bonds)

68
Q

Peptides are

A

Short chains of amino acids (bond together through peptide bonds)

69
Q

Polypeptides

A

Long chains of amino acids = proteins

70
Q

Why is the specific amino acid sequence important?

A

It’s important for determining the shape of the protein

71
Q

Why are proteins important?

A

Proteins are require in all aspects of cell structure and function

  1. the structural component of the cell, membrane cells
    • Proteins let waste out (what comes in and out of a cell, cell needs permability for things to get over)
  2. Enzymes (enzymes make things go faster, theyre very specific and give you control in a cell)
    • increase the rate of chemical reactions that occur within the cell
72
Q

Enzymes

A

Are a protein that increase the rate of chemical reactions that occur within the cell (enzymes make thigns go faster, theyre very specific)

73
Q

What are Nucleic Acids made up of?

A

Nucleotides (=pentose sugar, nitrogenous base and phosphate group)

74
Q

Nucleotides make up..?

A

Nucleic Acids

75
Q

What are the 3 components of nucleotides

A

three components
1. nitrogenous base (Purines (contain 2 rings) and Pyrimidines (contains 1 ring))
2. Pentose sugar (Ribose and Deoxyribose)
3. Phosphate group

76
Q

Nitrogenous base

A

A component of nucleotides
Contains nitrogen
Is either:
1. Purines: contains 2 rings
- Two types: Adenine (A), Guanine (G)
2. Pyrimidines: contain 1 ring
- Three types: Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U) (RNA)

77
Q

Purines

A

a type of nitrogenous base (a component of nucleic acids)
- contains 2 rings
- two types are Adenine and Guanine

78
Q

Pyrimidines

A

A nitrogenous base (component of nucleic acids)
Three types: Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil (RNA only)

79
Q

Pentose sugar and the types

A

A component of nucleic acids

5 carbon sugar
two types: Ribose and Deoxyribose

80
Q

Phosphate group

A

A component of nucleic acids

A phosphate group os attached to the nucleotide and serves as the site of attachment for the next nucleotide

81
Q

What are the two types of Pentose sugar

A

a component of nucleotides (= make up nucleic acids) it is a 5 carbon sugar
two types:
Deoxyribose and Ribose

82
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid is composed of deoxyribose sugar
- double stranded with each strand held together by hydrogen bonds
- Forms a double helix “spiral stair case”
- Dna is what genes are composed of

  • The order of the nucleotide sequence is very specific and forming the genetic instrucutions for the organism
  • Made of nucleotides A, C, T, G
83
Q

Each strand of DNA is held together by what type of bond

A

Hydrogen bonds

84
Q

the order of the nucleotide sequence is very specific for..?

A

forming the genetic instructions for the organism in DNA

85
Q

What are genes composed of?

A

DNA

86
Q

What are the nucleotides of DNA

A

A C T G

87
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid
- composed of ribose sugar
- Single stranded
- Involved in commmunicating the instructions of DNA
- Made of nucleotides A, C, U, G

88
Q

What are the nucleotides of RNA

A

A C U G

89
Q

Compare DNA and RNA

A

DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid is composed of deoxyribose sugar
- double stranded with each strand held together by hydrogen bonds
- Forms a double helix “spiral stair case”
- Dna is what genes are composed of
- Analogy, like a set of instrucutions like a recipe book , what protein will look like once you’ve made it
- ex. make insulin, go to that page in the recipe book

  • The order of the nucleotide sequence is very specific and forming the genetic instrucutions for the organism
  • Made of nucleotides A, C, T, G

RNA
Ribonucleic acid
- composed of ribose sugar
- Single stranded
- Involved in commmunicating the instructions of DNA
- Made of nucleotides A, C, U, G

90
Q

Butter is an example of

A

Saturated fat

91
Q

Oil is an example of

A

Unsaturated fats

Microbiology (6 decks)

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