Intragroup and Intergroup Processes Flashcards
What is the definition of groups, and what are the two interdependence
two or more people staying together with shared characteristics that is socially meaningful to all parties
Interdependence
the extent to one’s thoughts and feelings affecting the others
task interdependence: task-related
social interdependence: connectedness, resect and acceptance
what are the two groups
primacy group
focusing on social interdependence
emphasis on one’s feelings, connectedness
task group
focusing on task interdependence
emphasis on getting the work done
tuckman’s formation of groups and the process of new members joining an existing group
forming
this is when the members just come together
unclarity since members are new to the group
facilitate by the organisor
about the affection, behavioural, cognitive changes of a person when he/she is joining/leaving a group
storming
when conflicts start to rise
three kinds of conflicts
task conflict: related to the task itself
relationship conflict: related to the relationship dynamics within the group
process conflict: related to the strategies to solve the task
task conflict if handled well can benefit the completion of the task
but not relationship and process conflicts
norming
starting to form norms and rules within the group
not perfect, but harmony and consensus starts to kick in
performing
the stage where everything is in place
highest efficiency
adjourning
breaking up of the group
can be detrimental to members if the group meant a lot to them
When joining new group
investigating
understanding if the group fits the person, also the group seeking information of the member
socialising
emerging into the group and the group embracing the newcomer
maintainence
both parties trying to maintain a good relationship, and roles taken
what are the things that should be mindful when it comes to tucker’s proposal
not every group has to go through all of the stages
the order of the stages are not set
Explain the effects of the group on the individual
social facilitation
first proposed and tested by triplett and his competition machine
proposed that the presence of others = improving performance
however maybe depends on the task (Markus)
if the task = familiar (dominated response) = the presence of others increase performance
if the task = unfamiliar (non-dominated response) = the presence of others hinders performance
social loafing
the tendency of person putting less effort in a group
the larger the group = the less effort the person puts to the task (Latane et al.)
to counter the effect
increase commitment to the group
increase accountability
make the task more engaging
reduce group size
de-individuation
when the group norms are so strong that covers the person’s choices and thoughts/preferences
Johnson and Downing
condition 1: dressed as nurses (masks vs unmasks)
condition 2: dressed as KKK (masks vs unmasked)
demonstrated dressed as nurses are more willing to decrease shock, whilst dressed as KKK more willing to increase the shock
masks can strengthen their behaviours
what is the difference between social and self categorisation? and what is the consequences of categorisation (category differentiation model)
social categorisation = categorising others into respective groups
based on clear characteristics (gender, age etc)
self categorisation = categorising self into the groups that we think we are in (extreme = deindividuation)
based on accessibility (whether there are cues cueing us) and salience (especially when we are in an outgroup)
consequence
the category differentiation theory (Doise)
intergroup differentiation (enlarging the differences between groups)
within group homogeneity (enlarging the similarities within groups, especially for outgroups)
Cross-race identification bias
Platz and Hosch
people are more likely identify members of the ingroup rather than members of the outgroup
Explain stereotypes (definition, measurement, and the difference in perception of ambiguous actions)
cognitive representations that are formed on other groups that are based on certain characteristics
usually not accurate, but convenient for processing
measuring stereotype
implicit association test (greenwald et al)
measuring the difference in response time between the varieties of pairing different terms
stereotypes can change the perception of ambiguous behaviours
Duncan (1976)
white americans are more likely to perceive an ambiguous action done by white people as friendly; whilst the same behaviour but done by black = violent
what is the difference between stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination
stereotypes = a cognitive representations formed based on shared characteristics of a group (beliefs)
prejudice = the evaluation towards the group or its members (attitudes)
discrimination = behaviours towards the group or its members (actions)
Explain ingroup favortism (self identity theory), and the minimal grouping paradigm
the tendency of us being more lenient to the members of the groups that we are in
social identity theory
since we value me and mine, the groups that we are in at also gives us a value of self
therefore, we value the ingroup better = make us feel better
tajfel et al (1971)
within only minimal information of the group, we still willing to allocate more resources to the ingroup members
Explain what are the two elements that lead to intergroup conflicts (realistic conflict theory and integration threat theory)
competition and threats
competition
realistic conflict theory (Levine)
showed that in a competition context, ingroup favourtism is exacerbated
not only competition, but also other threats
integration threat theory (stephan and stephan)
realistic threat = threats due to material well-being of the ingroup
symbolic threat = threats due to the difference in beliefs and ideas
anxiety threat = threats due to perceived potential negative outcomes through interacting with the outgroup
riek et al (meta analysis)
showed that reality, symbolic and anxiety is positively correlated with outgroup negative perceptions
how to reduce prejudice and discrimination
interaction
direct
criteria: authority sanctioned, equal status, and no competition
since: knowledge, less anxiety and perspective taking
indirect
showed by wright
demonstrated that if witness friendly interaction from ingroup member to outgroup member > increased favourtism to outgroup and alleviate outgroup bias
but if interaction witnessed = unpleasant = higher ingroup favourtism and lower favourtism to outgroup
shared goals
by sherif
competition (high outgroup bias) > shared goal (alleviated)
but
cooperative, equal status, shared goal is meaningful, consistent, and success
alternative categorisation
re-categorisation: forming an overarching category
de-categorisation: everyone becomes individual
Gaertner et al showed that re-categorisation more useful than de-categorisation, but both useful
